Koch s postulates Agent X must always be present in hosts with disease Y Must be able to isolate pure culture of agent X Introduction of agent X into a new host induces disease Y Agent X can now be re isolated from this new diseased host Be able to convert distances between nanometers nm micrometers um and millimeters mm you can use a calculator for this but it must not be an app in your phone It must be a calculator that does not have networking capability You may not need a calculator the conversions will all be just moving the decimal point based on the conversion factor For Quizzes 1 3 know what you missed why you missed it and know the correct answer Know what Pasteur disproved Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation for microbes Know the details of the discovery of penicillin Know the causes of the emerging infectious diseases we covered in Lecture 2 and know the background we discussed on these infectious agents Know the composition of an E coli cell by weight for the major classes of macromolecules we discussed Water 70 Proteins 15 Know the approximate size range of bacteria viruses etc and which types of microscopy are useful for each Bacteria 5 um 10 um in length Darkfield used to observe living unstained preparations too thin to be seen by brightfield but the light scatter that they produce can be seen Phase Contrast Microscopy observe living cells endospores and inclusion bodies Confocal Microscopy produces 3 D image Two Photon Microscopy SAM Electron Microscopy TEM vs SEM used to study cells attached to a surface up to 1mm deep measures sound waves that are reflected back from an object requires fixed specimens formaldehyde is used Good for viruses and large molecules Scanned Probe Microscopy Uses metal probe to scan a specimen 1 100 Be able to define magnification resolution diffraction Magnification Objective L x Ocular L Resolution the ability to distinguish two points a given distance apart Diffraction Know the major types of macromolecules we discussed in Lecture 3 Lipids primary in cell membranes insoluble in H2O Saturated no double bounds Unsaturated one or more double bonds Protein essential to cell structure and function helix plane bonds Primary polypeptide chain Secondary structure amino acid chain folds in a regular Tertiary helix irregularly folds disulfide bonds hydrogen Quaternary two or more polypeptides Nucleic Acids mononucleotides and nucleic acids Consist of a pentose sugar and a phosphate group nitrogen containing base Know the differences between Gram negative bacteria and Gram positive bacteria How are their structures different thin peptidoglycan Gram negative pink stain outer and inner membrane periplasm LPS endotoxin NO teichoic acids thick peptidoglycan Gram positive purple stain One membrane No LPS More sensitive to antibiotics b c of no outer membrane Teichoic acids are reinforcement links plasma membrane and to peptidoglycan Know the characteristics of a prokaryote and the characteristics of a eukaryote the composition of major cell structures of prokaryotes and eukaryotes What is the composition of the cell wall The flagella etc Prokaryote one circular genome no membrane peptidoglycan cell walls 70S Ribosome Binary fission No complex organelle Eukaryote paired chromosome with a membrane no peptidoglycan in cell wall fungi have chitin 80S ribosome Mitosis Many complex organelles golgi ER mitochondria Flagella made of chains of protein flagellin attached to protein hook anchored by basal body Know the steps of the Gram stain and what happens to the bacterial cells at each step Know the definition of an hypertonic solution an isotonic solution and an hypotonic solution Know what can happen to a cell placed in each of these solutions Hyper water out cell shrink Hypo water in lysis Isotonic No net mvmt What is the important enzyme that connects glycolysis to the TCA cycle Know the major electron carriers that function in cells Know where the electron transport chain is located in eukaryotes and in bacteria Understand what is meant by a terminal electron acceptor Know what serves as the terminal final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration Oxygen O2 What compounds can serve as the terminal final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration In fermentation Be able to define obligate aerobe obligate anaerobe facultative anaerobe aerotolerant anaerobe microaerophile Know the major enzymes that help cells cope with toxic oxygen products Know the major types of disinfectants that we discussed Know the difference between chemically defined growth medium and complex growth medium Know the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods for quantifying bacteria Which methods are direct Know the major methods of sterilization Know the definition of thermal death point thermal death time and decimal reduction time Know which microbes are most resistant to microbial control measures and which are least resistant Be able to define replication Lecture 12
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