Look at relationships between pathogens and hosts Short answer- matching infectious agents and diseases**Nobel prize* helicobacter digestive tract Dtp- diphtheria tetanus pertussis (whooping cough)MMR viral vaccine- measles mumps rubellaSkin- not a good place for most bacteria- physical and chemical mechanisms - normal flora- most are gram+ Strep and Staph , Diphtheroids, yeastsStaph can cause folliculitic, farfunlces, carbuncles, Toxemia: Scalded skin, TSS, Strep Pseudomonas ( gram -) Viral SkinHerpes (can not be cured, hides/latency) VZV= chickenpox and shinglesSmallpoxParamyxovirus – measles/rubeola Togavirus- german measles/rubellaRoseola – HHV 6 and 7- rashEYES-Nervous system: Bacteria can grow in subarachnoid space of CNSMeningitis vs EncephalitisLOOK AT LISTEriOSISListeria monocytogenes; g+ Rod*still-birth and neurological diseasesusually foodbornes; transmitted to fetusreproduce in phagocytes; phage treatment in ready to eat meatTetanis- clostridium tetani, spore forming, g+, obligate anaerobeBotulism- clostridium botulinumKnow tularemia and brucellosis zoonomicPAY ATTENTioN TO herpes VIRUSEBV= first human tumor virusCommon cold- what causes; usually a mixtureList at least 4 STDs agents ones with vaccines, what types for at least 2Everything above is random notes I scribbled during the review on Friday Microbiology FinalSkin - defense mechanisms includeo dryo lysozyme (hydrolyzes peptidoglycan)o fatty acidso defensins (antimicrobial peptides)o saltyBacteria - Flora includeo Mostly g+ staph, strep, diphtheroids in hair follicles, yeasts- Infections caused byo Staph Aeureus Folliculitis, farfuncles, carbuncles, toxemias scalded skin syndrome and Toxic shock syndrome (when bacteria enters the blood stream) o Strep Group A M protein, exotoxin A Can cause impetigo, erysipelas (upper layer of skin) Necrotizing fascilitis “flesh eating” o Pseudomonas (g-) Unique metabolism survive on traces of organic substances in soap; can be found in soil and water Can cause dermatitis, ottis externa, wound and burn infections Distinguished by a blue/green pusViral Infections of the skin- Human Papilloma Viruso Warts; vaccine exists against a few strains- Herpes Simplex Viruso HHSV-1;HHSV-2 cold sores and encephalitis, o Valicella-Zoster – chicken pox and shingles *live attenuated virus vaccineo HHSV6&7 – Roseolao Acyclovar may lessen symptoms- Pox Virus – variola viruso small pox- Paramyxoviruso Rubeola AKA measleso Infects via respiratory routeo Macular rash/ koplick’s spotso MMR vaccine- Togaviruso Rubella AKA German Measleso Congenital rubella syndrome *severe fetal damageo MMR vaccineThe EyesConjunctivitus- pink eye most common cause *Haemophilus InfluenzaeBacteria- Neisseria gonnorrhoeae (gram-)o Causes neonatal ophthalmia- can be treated with antibiotic ointment- Chlamydia Trachomatiso Inclusion conjunctivitis- (inflammation of the conjuncta) can be spread at birth, swimming pool, treated with antibioticso Trachoma Leading cause of blindness due to scarring of the corneaViral- HHSV-1o Keratitis (inflammation of the cornea) can cause blindnesso Viral conjunctivitus- Adenoviruso Shipyard eyeo Viral conjunctivitusoThe Nervous SystemBacteria can grow in the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space in the CNSBlood Brain Barrier- capillaries that prevent the passage of some materials into the CNSComplications of CNS often lead to - Meningitis- inflammation of the meninges- Encephalitis- inflammation of the brainSepticemia- bacteria in the blood- sepsis is the toxic reation to septicemia- generally a G- LPS released upon cell lysis; antibiotics worsen by killing bacteria; blood pressure decrease- Gram positives lead to Toxic Shock (think of S aureus) ; generally nosocomial infections; Staphs and Streps- Rapid release of cytokines (cells used for signaling)- Fever chills, accelerated heart beat, BP decrease organ failure -BacteriaBacterial meningitis referred to as sepsisHigh mortality, Three common causes (others include listeria, TB, staph and strep)- vaccines are all conjugated carbohydrates- fever, headache, stiff neck nausea vomiting convulsions and coma- treatment first choice is cephaolsporins*- Hemophilus Influenzae *young children, normal throat florao Capsule and antigen Bo Hib Vaccine to prevent- Neisseria Meningitiso Meningococcal meningitiso College students highly recommended to get vaccineo About 70% are healthy carriers- Streptococcus Pneumoniae *young childreno Mortality in elderly and youngo About 70% are healthy carriersListeriosis- Listeria Monocytogenes- Often leads to still-birth- Food poisoning, reproduces in phage treated foods (phagocytes)- 2011 outbreakTetanus g+, spore forming - Colstritium Tetani- Infects deep wounds- Relaxation of muscles blocked by tetanospasm- DTP vaccine and dT booster- Treat with immune globinBotulism g+ spore forming- clostritium botulinium- flaccid paralysis caused by a toxin that blocks the neurotransmitter releaseLeprosy acid fast rod- mycobacterium leprae- must have prolonged contact for transmissionViral Poliomyelitis- ingestion of the stable virus (acid stable)- initial symptoms just sore throat and nausea but can enter the CNS and lead to viremia- salk vaccine *inactivated- sabin vaccine *live attenuatedRabies- rhabdovirus- transmitted by animal bite- furious and paralytic types- multiplies in skeletal then brain cells- fatal encyphelitis **- hydrophobia- rabies vaccine; treated with vaccine and R immune globinArboviral Encephalitis *controlling of mosquitos to prevent- many viruses included but Equine Encephalitis is most severe- horses and men are dead end hosts- sentinel chickens used to detectother encephalitis caused by Herpes, post-measles, SSPEencephalitis caused by prions (spongeform)- sheep scrapie- Creutzfeldt-Jakob- Kuru- Bovine spongiform- Chronic and Fatal**The Heart- generally a predisposing condition for infections- congenital heart defect- endocarditis –inflammation of endocardium; o subacute- strep, staph, entero, dental procedures and body piercings may initiate,o acute- S aureus- pericarditiso strep, from pneumonia and pleurisyo- Rheumatic Fevero S. pyogeneso Autoimmune complication of infection leads to inflammation of the heart valveso Killed more school aged children in the US than all other diseases combined in the early 20th century. Zoonotic Bacterial Diseases- Plagueo Yersinia Pestis (g- enteric)o Transmitted from a flea bite (coming
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