CHAPTER 1 What is the neuron doctrine Who were the key scientists involved nervous system composed of an array of separate independent cells Cajal Spanish anatomist Golgi vast interconnected network of continuous fibers wrong though What are dualism and monism Which is the basis for modern neuroscience Dualism philosophical perspective Rene Descartes in which the body is mechanistic whereas the mind is separate and nonphysical Monism basis for modern neuroscience philosophical perspective in which the mind is viewed as the product of activity in the brain and nervous system What did Phineas Gage teach us about the brain and how it is organized iron rod through frontal lobe Before responsible friendly polite After difficulty holding a job profane irritable memory and reason intact personality changed for the worse Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex damage apathy personality change lack of ability to plan emotional disturbances impulsivity Localization of function What is a theory and what is a hypothesis Theory integrates and interprets many observations to explain a phenomenon Hypothesis testable prediction that is used to guide further research What is a correlational study What are the strengths and the weaknesses systematic research design that does not manipulate but rather observes whether two variables are connected Strengths cheaper easier because you don t need control or manipulated variables Weaknesses correlation does not imply causation confounding variables only shows relationship What is an experimental study What are the strengths and weaknesses use of control group manipulate independent variable to measure change in dependent variable Strengths less confounding variables more control over situation inducing Weaknesses expensive and time consuming What is a control group and an experimental group Control control the variable compare experimental group to this group no manipulation Experimental receives the manipulation What are independent and dependent variables Which variable do you manipulate and which variable do you measure Independent manipulate this changes the dependent Dependent depends on the effects of the manipulation of the independent variable Which research techniques are used to study the structure of the brain Which are used to study function Structure histology how is it built connected tract tracing what does it look like Function EEG ERP MEG single cell recording how does it work what does it do why important What are the strengths and weaknesses of the following research techniques fMRI EEG MEG fMRI changes in blood flow and blood oxidation tracks changing activity Strengths spatial and temporal resolution images at any angle ability to tell which neurons are more active because they require more oxygen Weaknesses EEG electroencephalogram sums electrical activity of neurons between two electrodes Strengths temporal resolution bc detects fast changing brain activity study of sleep and epilepsy 3D maps of activity used in comas withdrawal disorders Weaknesses poor spatial resolution skull can interfere poor localization only on the surface MEG magnetoencephalography assesses magnetic output used to measure response to sound Strengths skull transparent to magnetism unlike EEG spatial resolution fast temporal resolution compared to fMRI Weaknesses no anatomical data can be recorded What are single cell recordings What is ERP signals study function SQUIDS superconducting quantum interference devices convert magnetic energy into impulses that Single cell recordings uses tiny microelectrodes surgically implanted in area of interest measures electrical ERP event related potentials series of EEG responses to environmental stimuli used in function perception and cognition What is histology Tract tracing What are they used for Histology study of cells and tissues at microscopic level study of structure tissues must be fixed thin mounted on slide stained viewed under microscope Tract Tracing studies structure anterograde forward where ends retrograde backward where begins CT PET MRI study structure What are knockout animals Inducible conditional knockouts How are these animals useful knockout genes genes that take the place of normal genes but that fail to produce the specified protein produced by the normal genes Inducible knockout adding chemical gene to induce KO Conditional knockout conditioning animal so the gene isn t activated Allows the assessment of the roles of particular genes and the proteins they encode CHAPTER 2 What do the anatomical directions mean Anterior towards front of the brain forehead towards the head in regards to the body Posterior towards the back of the head in the brain towards feet in the body Medial middle Lateral outside Proximal near core Distal towards extremeties Dorsal top of brain back of body Ventral bottom of brain front of body Ipsilateral same side Contralateral opposite side What do the different planes of section mean Coronal cuts into front and back like a crown Sagittal cuts into left and right Horizontal cuts into top and bottom What are the meninges What do they do What is meningitis Meninges protective Dura Mater outer layer hard mother surrounds superior sagittal sinus vein leather like tissue Arachnoid looks like spider web because of the veins more delicate than Dura Mater middle Pia Mater inner layer pious mother nearly transparent sticks to outside of brain Subarachnoid Space between arachnoid and pia mater contains CSF Peripheral Nervous System only pia and dura no arachnoid Meningitis inflammation of meninges caused by bacteria fungus virus swelling in subarachnoid space increases intracranial pressure do What is hydrocephalus CSF cerebrospinal fluid What are the ventricles What is cerebrospinal fluid How is it made and circulated in the nervous system What does it Ventricles two lateral ventricles 3rd 4th filled with CSF where CSF is made choroid plexus made in choroid plexus of the ventricles converts material from nearby blood supply into CSF CSF floats the brain within the skull giving it a cushion for bumping head and preventing neurons from responding to pressure and false information flows through the central canal of spinal cord and the four ventricles and the subarachnoid space Flow of CSF lateral ventricals 3rd ventrical central canal subarachnoid space leaves through veins Hydrocephalus blockage in flow of CSF occurs in babies and can prevent normal growth of the brain What is a stroke What