Exam 2 Review Sheet 02 28 2015 Chapter 6 Assessment the process of systematically gathering information about a person in relation to his or her environment so that decisions can be made based on this information that are in the best interests of the individual Goals of Clinical Assessment Classification Description Prediction Define each Step Step 1 Deciding what is being assessed What caused the problem What is the course of the problem if untreated Referral questions Presenting concerns o Emotion Cognition Physiology Environment Behavioral Ex Not doing well in school suicidal Step 2 Determining the goals of assessment Diagnosis DSM 5 Severity of the problem o Age of onset of episodes of symptoms duration of episodes functioning Screening Prediction o Screen large groups to find those at high risk Screen for cancer depression suicide o How will they behave in the future Lethality Prediction of violence is difficult o Sensitivity false negatives o Specificity false positives Evaluation of an intervention o Constantly monitor effects of treatment Ex Treatment decisions custody evaluation Step 3 Selecting standards for making decisions Normative standards compared with others Self referent standards compared with one s own data at other points in time an A student who is now a C student o Ex Valid and reliable measures Step 4 Collecting assessment data theory driven Interviews o Structured o Unstructured Psychological tests o Intelligence tests o Personality tests Objective Projective Physiological Neurological assessment Direct observation of behavior Step 5 Processing data generating hypotheses making decisions Clinicians are subject to errors in human information processing biases errors in judgment o Selective attention focusing on only one component Experienced clinicians are more susceptible to confirmatory bias Step 6 Screening Communicating information o To whom do you communicate Writing a psychological report State the referral question Describe tests and procedures used Report the data Make recommendations Interpret the data Describe Types of Interviews having to do with Step 2 and Step 4 Structured requires clinical decisions emphasis is on sets of symptom clusters follow a script o Increases consistency o increases reliability makes it more likely that the same interviewer will obtain the same information on two occasions o Makes it more likely that two interviewers will obtain the same information in separate interviews o decreases flexibility comfort and rapport Unstructured an interview in which questions are not prearranged although some questions may be prepared in advance allowing for spontaneity and for questions to develop during the course of the interview Types of Personality Tests having to do with Step 4 Projective tests responses to ambiguous stimuli responses are open ended and subjective Scored based on interpretations of examiner Lacks validity and reliability Objective tests self reports persons descriptions or accounts of their behavior attitudes emotions and perceptions of themselves Scored quantitatively What is the following Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WAIS Test designed to measure intelligence in adults and older adolescents Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI 567 true false questions Normative sample of 2600 adults selected to be nationally Several clinical samples inpatient and outpatient Validity scales to detect patterns of unreliable or biased representative responding rates of responding Clinical scales 10 scales that are compared to normative base RORCHACH Inkblot test Series of 10 cards of ambiguous inkblots Respondent is asked to indicate what he sees After all responses are obtained the examiner asks the respondent to indicate where he saw what he saw Scoring is based on the response o Location The basis for the response is usually the whole inkblot requires integration Or a detail either a commonly or an uncommonly selected one or the negative space around or within the inkblot Color responses often provide direct insight into Form is it good how accurately the response conforms emotional life o Determinants to the inkblot form Color Movement Shading Texture o Organization o Approach o Content o TAT Scoring Hero Thematic Apperception Test TAT 31 cards presenting pictures of varying level of ambiguity Respondent is instructed to tell a story about what is happening in the picture what has led up to the event in the picture what is happening now and what the outcome will be His Her Needs Environmental forces that thwart or aid the hero Themes Outcome Quality of Relationships Coping Styles Clinical decision making Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated in experiments that normative mathematical models of probability and choice don t account for most intuitive human judgments and decisions A series of psychological principles often leading to simplification of a problem guide human behavior in the face of uncertainty By identifying biases that guide human judgment Kahneman and Tversky have clarified challenges for education in fields such as economics and medical decision making Define all having to do with Step 5 Confirmatory Bias refers to a type of selective thinking whereby one tends to notice and to look for what confirms one s beliefs and to ignore not look for or undervalue the relevance of what contradicts one s beliefs This tendency is to give more attention and weight to data that support our beliefs than we do to contrary data This is especially pernicious when our beliefs are little more than prejudices Availability heuristic Mental availability of previous cases can be affected by availability of memory recent intensity of involvement A class whose instances are readily available might appear to be more numerous than it is Events that easily come to mind might be judged more likely than they are Illusory correlation refers to thinking that one has observed an association between events that either a does not exist b exists but is not as strong as is believed or c is in the opposite direction from what is believed Review the findings of Meehl s study Clinical vs Statistical prediction o Statistical prediction is better than clinical prediction Reviewed 20 studies predicting success in school recidivism or parole violation recovery from psychosis etc In all but one case the predictions made actuarially statistically were equal or superior to those made by a clinician Chapter 7 Define Broad Skills used to Specific
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