CLP3305- Chapter 1: Introduction to Clinical and Counseling Psychology1. What types of activities do clinical psychologists engage in?1. Therapy (psychotherapy)/Intervention, diagnosis/assessment, teaching, clinical supervision, research/writing, consultation, administration 1. Eclectic, cognitive, psychodynamic, behavioral theoretical orientations1. Switch from psychodynamic to cognitive2. How do clinical and counseling psychology differ? In what ways are they similar?1. They are different because clinical psychology includes more research. Counseling psychologists work with normal people with normal problems. Counseling Psychology has a dissertation required, though lower research expectations. Counseling sometimes has more course work and practicum experience required. Counseling is much smaller than clinical (fewer training programs and graduates). Counseling works in schools (dept of education) hospitals, community health clinics, clinical works in private practice2. Similarities in what they do, and they both call themselves therapists or psychologists. Both take 4-6 years, both require dissertation /thesisChapter 3: Current Issues in Clinical Psychology1. What is the principal guideline for training clinical psychologists? Whatdoes it entail?a) The principal guideline for training clinical psychologists is the scientist-practitioner model. The goal is to marry science and clinical practice. Have a good basis in bothb) Trained in university departments, trained as psychologists first, clinicians second. Required clinical internship. Must be competent in diagnosis, psychotherapy, research 2. What are the major critiques of the scientist-practitioner model?a) Deemphasizes research experience and favors more direct and extensive training in clinical skills 3. In what ways do Psy.D. and Ph.D. clinical psychology programs differ? (STUDY NORCROSS TABLE)a) Psy D. has more emphasis on clinical work, less emphasis on research,a masters thesis not required, and qualitatively different from Ph.Db) Psy D: Psychodynamic orientation, more accepted students (easier to get in), less applicants, worse tuition, shorter time (5 years)c) Ph.D: Cognitive-Behavioral orientation, less accepted students but more applicants, good financial aid/tuition, more time (6 years), morestudents entering APA internships4. What are the limitations of clinical doctorate programs in professional schools?a) It is freestanding (depends on tuition), offer psy d (little or no research training), admit many students (part-time faculty), most programs are not accredited 5. How will the increasing cost of health care (and managed care) affect the practice of clinical psychology? What advantages might clinical psychologistshave in a managed care environment? (TEXTBOOK (only briefly discussed in class)).a) Managed care- high costs for health care in general and mental healthcare. Managed health care now dominates and it heavily affects thepaycheck’s of private practice psychologists. Will have to expand theirroles due to a decline in earnings. Ph. D Clinicians will be replaced byMaster’s Level Mental Health Professionals (they are more cheaper touse for the same services). Economic control is in hands of employers,not the practitioners so employers try to use marketplace strategies.Clinicians spend more time on paperwork and getting reimbursedthan on direct care. Receiving less money for services. Clients seen forfewer session, use self help, telehealthb) Advantages: Clinical psychologists are likely to be the primaryproviders of psychological treatment that is based in psychologicalscience. Prescription privileges will make them the complete package 1. Open doors for clinical psychologists who have experience inclinical research6. Understand the ethical standards discussed: What is competence and why is it important? What happened in the Tarasoff case and what are the implications on psychotherapy? What does it mean to have “dual relationships,” and why are such relationships ethically inappropriate?a) Competence is when psychologists work within the boundaries of their competence. (psychologist are to do only what you should be trained to do )b) Tarasoff Case-Man (Potter) at university likes Tatiana Tarasofff. They kissed, He thought they were dating, she says no, he freaks out. Starts seeking therapy at the counseling center. He tells the therapist, therapist tells the Campus Police. Campus Police detains him but then lets him go because Tarasoff was away at Brazil. Potter in meanwhile becomes friends with Tarasoff’s brother. Tatiana comes back and Potter stabs her to death. Parents sued the counselor, cops, and the school. c) Psychologists have the Duty to Warn (Duty to protect) – Counselor’s duty to do something about if client says he will harm himself or others. Confidentiality agreement is Nulld) Dual relationship is a relationship between client and therapist that is OTHER than at a professional level (being friends or lovers)e) Ethical standards:unfair discrimination, sexual harassment, dual relationshipsChapter 4: Research Methods1. What constitutes a scientific attitude? Why are skepticism & humility important? a) Our understanding of human behavior, mental illness, and treatment is based on rigorous scientific study.b) Healthy Skepticism- Demand evidence, question everything, take everything at face value. Not trusting simple explanations. Humility- knowing when you should give up, open to admitting your wrong and open to knowing there is another explanation besides the one you thought of 2. What are the advantages and limitations of a case study?1. Advantages: a) Provide descriptions of phenomenab) Provide disconfirming information1. Disprove “always” or “never”c) Generate testable hypotheses2. Disadvantages: What they cannot do…a) Develop general principlesb) Lead to cause-effect conclusionsc) Demonstrate correlation3. Why are correlational methods used? What are the limitations of correlational methods?1. Determine the degree to which variable X is related to variable Y. Cost effective, see if a relationship even exists.2. Cannot determine directionality or causalitya) Correlation does not equal Causationb) If not correlated, it can not at all be causally relatedR is the degree of a relationship between two variables. Can be -1.00 to 1.00. Further away from 0, the stronger the relationship.4. What is a third variable? What type of
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