Clinical Psychology Exam 2Briefly describe:a. Major Depression b. Dysthymia: Dysthymia is a chronic type of depression in which a person's moods are regularly low. However, symptoms are not as severe as with major depression.c. Anxiety (what are the different anxiety disorders).d. Borderlinee. Eating DisordersCh. 5 Classification Classification and taxonomy (define taxonomy) Taxonomy is the grouping of cases according to their distinguishing features. (Helps identify?) It is the identification of similar patterns of symptoms, for instance behavior emotion cognition and biology. It also helps identify common etiology, course, and treatment. Accurate Diagnosis is very Important, it helps determine: (what’s it help determine?) Proper treatment decisions Research about causes of disorders Communication among clinicians And predictive value Categorical Approach to Classification (ex DSM-IV) Hippocrates theorized it had to do with: Phrenesis, Mania, Melancholia Kraepelin theorized it had to do with: “Syndromes” and Dementia Praecox Classification Systems Used to classify disorders (What are they?) United States: Dianostic & Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) Eurpoe: International Classification of Diseases (ICD) which was developed by the World Health Organization The DSM-IV is (what is it?) a system for classifying and describing mental disorders. It serves as a common language for clinicians. It is categorical e.g., a disorder is either present or absent It is highly researched. The DSM-IV has five Axes (What are the five axes of DSM-IV?) (Define each and give examples) Axis 1: Clinical Syndromes (anxiety, depression, substance abuse, Schizophrenia, etc.) they are all typically episodic Axis 2: Personality Disorders (e.g., antisocial, borderline) and Mental Retardation which are all typically non-episodic. Axis 3: General Medical Conditions (headaches, hypertension, asthma, MS, Disbetes, etc.) Axis 4: Psychsocial and environmental problems (loss of job, death, divorce, legal problems) Axis 5: Global Assessment of Functioning (how well is the person functioning on scale of 1-100) Mental Disorder: A clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is typically associated with an emotionally painful symptoms or with impairment in one or more important areas of functioning. The syndrome or pattern must not be merely an expectable or culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, for examples, death of a loved one. It must be considered a behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction. Classification of mental disorder does not classify people; it classifies disorders that people have. Axis 1 Categories (important examples) (what are some?) Disorders are usually first evident in infancy, childhood or adolescence Schiophrenia and other psychotic disorders Mood disorders (major depression, dipolar disorder, dysthymia) Anxirty Disorders (general anxiety, phobia, panic, OCD, social anxiety) Eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia, EDNOS) Substance Abuse/Dependance (alcohol or drug abuse or dependence) Dissociative Disorders (DID, MPD) Adjustment Disorders (with anxiety or depressive symptoms) Dimensional Approach to Classification (what is it?) Symptoms vary on a continuum (quantitative variation) Two broad categories of this: Internalizing: Depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms, social withdrawal Externalizing: Aggression, conduct problems, oppositional behavior Derived through empirical research. Categorical and Continuous? Can both the categorical and quantitative approaches be correct? Symptoms vary along a continuum or dimension: None - - - a little - - - moderate - - - a lot Point on the continuum reflects a qualitative charge. Criticisms of the Dimensional Approach (what are some?) Patters often do not fit neatly Disagnostic comorbidity (56% that qualify for 1 disorder qualify for another) Labeling effects Diversity in Culture Gender Bias Categorical verus dimensions Quantitative or Dimensional Approach to Classification Quantitative taxonomic System (Thomas Achenbach) (what is it?) Psychopathology as it develops in childhood. Empirical approach, gathering data from numerous sources. Eight syndromes identified and subsumed under externalizing and internalizing behavior Internalizing: Major depressive episode, Dysthymia, Generalized Anxiety disorder, angoraphobia, social phobia, simple phobia, Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Externalizing: Conduct Disorder, Marijuana Dependence, Alcohol Dependence There are issues in improving classification systems (what are they?) Linking Assessment and taxonomy Assessment is identifying the key features of a case, and taxonomy involves the grouping of cases on the basis of key features. Comorbidity and covariation Disorders appear to be comorbid (e.g., major depression and general anxiety) or it is typical for some symptoms to covary with others (sadness and anxiety) Developmental Patterns and Pathways Developmental Psychopathology: Understand the changes and continuities of disorders across the life span- This can be expressed as (with same disorder: depression) different disorders in adolescents and adulthood: depression to bulimia. Also, diferent disorders (oppositional, substance dependence) Gender Different disorders or expression of distress it different ways Ethnic Diversity Rates of some disorders differ across race and ethnicityChapter 6 Assessment Assessment (is what?) is the process of systematically gathering information about a person in relation to his or her environment so that decisions can be made, based on this information, that are in the best interests of the individual. Clinical Assessment has 3 goals (what are they?): Classification, description, and prediction. Sources of Assessment data (are what?): interviews, psychological tests, behavioral observations, and biological, physiological measurements. Steps in the Assessment Process (what are they?) Step 1. Deciding what is being assessed. Such as not doing well in scool. Want to find is there is a significant psychological problem. Does it have to do with emotion, cognition, etc. (determined by one’s theory) Step 2. Determining the goals of
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