Final exam study guide There will be 30 questions on the final that are comprehensive That means only a few per chapter that has already been covered in a midterm and I will be testing you on the big picture most foundational information Prioritize the topics listed here in your studying There will be 20 questions on the material from Ch 14 and 16 that study guide is posted separately on Carmen Chapter 1 Know which major research techniques are used to study the structure of the brain in animals and humans Which are used to study function o Structure of Brain o Function of Brain CT Scan MRI Scan PET scan fMRI EEG ERP MEG o fMRI o EEG o MEG High spatial resolution Low temporal resolution High temporal resolution Low spatial resolution Fast temporal resolution Not good localization of activity What are the strengths and weaknesses of the following research techniques fMRI EEG MEG think temporal and spatial resolution Chapter 2 What is the autonomic system What are the 2 divisions and their functions o Autonomic Nervous System Controls and senses glands and organs Sympathetic Nervous System Fight or Flight Parasympathetic Nervous System Rest and Digest Know the basic function of the following anatomical structures and systems in the brain Meninges CSF ventricles gray matter white matter corpus collosum thalamus hypothalamus hippocampus amygdala basal ganglia Three layers of meninges provide protection to the brain o Meninges o CSF o Provides cushioning for brain o Ventricles o Gray Matter o Communicating cavities that circulates CSF o Contains neuron cell bodies o neuron homes o White Matter o Connects different parts of the brain o axon highway o Corpus Collosum o Thalamus o Connects brain hemispheres to each other o First stop for sensory information coming from the body o Relay and process sensory information o Hypothalamus o Controls autonomic nervous system o Emotional response o Food intake o Sleep cycles o Reproductive behavior o Hippocampus o Converts short term memories into long term memories o Spatial information o Forming memories o Emotion regulation o Amygdala o Basal Ganglia o Makes association between different stimuli Gate keeper for motor behavior Suppression of motor behavior Occipital Where visual information is Primary Motor Cortex motor Frontal function language memory decision Parietal Specialized for skin senses spatial perception body position and Temporal Visual and auditory association processed making movement areas Know the location of the lobes of the cerebral cortex and their main functions frontal parietal temporal occipital lobes Know how the spinal cord is organized what are dorsal and ventral horns Which horn receives sensory information and which sends out motor information o Dorsal Horn o Ventral Horn Interface between spinal cords and nerves Motor information leaving the spinal cord Chapter 3 Know the main parts of a neuron and their function Dendrites dendritic spine cell body axon nodes of Ranvier myelin axon terminal and the direction information flows through a neuron what is input zone what is output zone o Dendrites o Dendritic Spines o Cell Body Collect incoming information and electrical signals Contact point between axon and dendrite at excitatory synapse Integrating information acts as gate information flow to and from other neurons o Axon Transmits information o Nodes of Ranvier Unmyelinated gap in axon allowing for faster signaling Provides insulation of axon allowing for faster signaling o Myelin o Axon Terminal Swelling at end of axon collateral where it will connect to other cell o Flow of information through neuron Dendrites Cell Body Axon Know the 4 types of glia and their main functions astrocytes schwann cells oligodendrocytes microglia o Astrocytes Structural and nutritional support for neurons Blood brain barrier Isolation of synapse Regulate neurotransmitters o Schwann Cells Insulating glia inside myelin One cell one axon Help guide regrowth of damaged axons o Oligodendrocytes Insulating glia attached to myelin One cell contributes to several axons o Microglia Sense molecules associated with cellular damage and digest debris What is the sodium potassium pump and what does it do When a neuron is at rest which ions are concentrated outside the cell and which are concentrated inside o Neuron is polarized in it s resting state o Resting membrane potential is about 70mV o Resting membrane potential due to Selective permeability of membrane Uneven distribution of ions on the inside vs outside of the cell Higher sodium outside What is the difference between depolarization and hyperpolarization Which makes an Potassium Inside action potential more likely o Depolarization Membrane potential becomes less negative Closer to an action potential being generated Na flows into cell o Hyperpolarization Membrane potential becomes more negative K leaves cell Which voltage gated ion channels open to cause an action potential Which ions are responsible for the rising and falling phases of the action potential o Voltage gated sodium channels open sodium comes in Becomes more positive when sodium comes in Becomes more negative when potassium leaves How does the axon potential get converted from an electrical signal to a chemical signal at o When action potential invades axon terminal the signal changes from electrical to the synapse chemical Chapter 4 Know the main neurotransmitters and the behaviors functions they are important for Acetylcholine Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin Glutamate GABA o Acetylcholine Nicotinic Receptor Muscular Receptor o Dopamine Reward System Planning and problem solving Control of movement o Norepinephrine Arousal and mood o Serotonin Sleep Arousal Appetite Mood o Glutamate o GABA Increases excitation in the depolarization of the brain Principle inhibitory neurotransmitter Causes cell to hyperpolarize What is the difference between an ionotropic and a metabotropic receptor o Ionotropic o Metabotropic Ligand gated ion channel Secondary messenger system Needs G protein to open up channel Know the differences between agonists and antagonists o Agonist mimics or enhances the effect of a neurotransmitter Increase synthesis Promote release Block reuptake or degradation Block presynaptic Autoreceptors Activate postsynaptic receptor Reduce synthesis Prevent storage Block release Activate presynaptic autoreceptors Block postsynaptic receptor o Antagonist blocks or decreases the effect of a neurotransmitter Know the