Hypovolemic Thirst Ingestive Behavior loss of blood volume without depleting intracellular fluid dizziness nausea very thirsty Osmotic Thirst Ingestive Behavior cellular dehydration caused by increase in osmotic pressure from pressure of interstitial fluid in relation to intracellular fluid Hypothalamus Control of Feeding Ingestive Behavior if you stop eating no procreation info comes in from stomach neurotrans ghrelin tells brain stomach is distended stop eating leptin comes from adipose tissue in pancreas tells you can stop eating both routinely ignored b c if you carry more body fat more likely to survive and pass on genes Ghrelin Ingestive Behavior goes to the Agrp Npy neuronal group gives positive signal to start keep eating peptide hormone stimulates both appetite and general thoughts about food Leptin Ingestive Behavior goes to Pomc Cart neuronal group tells brain to stop lesion of Pomc neurons lead to uncontrollable eating with overeating you gain weight but eventually plateau due to fact that w plasticity brain thinks 3 4 000 calories a day is necessary normal Oxygen Pro Aging Molecule Ingestive Behavior direct tie to hypothalamus and respiration 2 of oxygen intake while you eat and breathe accumulates and causes free radical damage to cell DNA Weight and Mortality Ingestive Behavior cancer related to obesity but degenerative disease related to intake of fat carried subcutaneously after 50 yrs old moves closer to internal BMI isn t always good indicator of health doesn t take into account O2 and free radicals organs big problem muscle weight Weight and Mortality cont Ingestive Behavior matters what when you eat it in relation to mortality past age 65 goal is to put on weight to offset degenerative diseases that can cause harm to metabolism weight degradation before dementia traumatic age related illness there is a severe drop off in weight Hypothalamus integrates autonomic endocrine and behavioral responses homeostasis survival reproduction made more likely combo of neural and endocrine inputs outputs plays major role in feeding drinking temp regulation sexual responses determining how you feel Hypothalamus and Homeostasis small change in blood pH body temp or electrolytes can cause death Endocrine system ANS activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems I am in fear vs I am safe ok Hypothalamus and Body Temperature involves ANS endocrine and skeletomotor systems peripheral detectors skin spinal cord viscera central detector anterior hypothalamus Body temp effectors Heat retention generation posterior hypo and heat dissipation anterior hypo lower temp longer life span Hypothalamus and Body Temperature cont heat dissipating mechs dilation of blood vessels in skin inhibition of heat conserving mechs vasoconstriction of blood vessels in skin shivering increased secretion of certain hormones shivering Thermogenesis production of an uncoupling protein 1 UCP 1 allows mitochondria in brown adipose tissue to convert ATP into heat muscles can do same thing in response to testosterone Disorders of Thermo Regulation lesions of heat conserving mechs lesion of posterior hypo causes hypothermia hyperthermia lesions of heat dissipating mechs lesion of anterior hypo causes disconnection syndrome occurs during REM sleep causes piokoliothermia cold blooded Thirst determined by serum osmolality and blood volume osmotic receptors in hypothalamus volume receptors in R atrium of heart vasopressin releases from hypo increases water reabsorption from kidney inhibited by alcohol consumption Limbic System discovered by James Papez in 193 Papez Circuit contains hippocampus forniz mamillary bodies anterior nucleus of thalamus and cingulate gyrus now includes amygdala septum basal forebrain nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex Functions of the Limbic System energy and H2O balance autonomic functions temperature endocrine functions sexual and emotional behavior reward reinforcement learning and memory Cingulate Gyrus where super ego and id compete to determine what you will do at any given moment Insula activated by disgust where your mind goes when it wanders along with to the cingulate gyrus Amygdala appears to be crucial for both internal and external stimuli integration internal drive i e hunger thirst integrates with primary senses to assign emotional significance lies inside ventral anterior temporal lobe most often generates a fear response vigilance emotion are processes set in motion by amygdala Olfaction olfactory connected to limbic system connections important b c they can evoke powerful memories tightly associated with sexual reproductive responses vomeronasal organ thought to sense pheromones Stimuli that Activate Amygdala aversive films pics odors tastes fearful happy facial expressions visual cues that predict electric shock neutral faces that predict aversive noise males show greater activation in response to sexually explicit images than females do Pons Geniculate Occipital Waves PGO uppermost nuclei of the midbrain mainly ACh neurons extremely prominent connected to REM sleep drive dreaming waves are connected to visions during dreaming REM Eye Movements caused by 3rd cranial nerve so active that nearby neurons fire along with it when waves are being generated Perseverative means you only think of one thing tends to be an older flashbulb memory Aminergic System proteins that destroy compete with ACh during sleep takes you into sleep during REM stage Recurring Dreams dreams you have very often more often you have them the stronger the neural connections become brain is so plastic it just always goes back to that dream Core Muscle Relaxation During SWS REM sleep you have to be paralyzed helps prevent acting out dreams Dreaming outside REM tends to be simple in SWS we tend to know what s going on thought to be b c hippocampus is downloading memories and erasing them as well Fear is a large part of dreams PGO waves constantly generate action on the limbic system Dreaming cont related to what you see know i e prior to alien theories in early 1900s people reported dreaming they were abducted by angels males see fewer colors generlly pastels don t see report faces of sexual partners in dream Lucid dreamers use frontal lobes Dreams in Children only 20 of the time under age 8 they report dreaming after waking from REM if they do it is static bland unemotional suggests dreaming is due to gradual cognitive developmental processes more myelination Lucid Dreamers use