FUNCTION UNIT CROSSOVER ADDITIONAL NOTES DOES ANYTHING HAPPEN WHEN DAMAMGED STRUCTURE denotes unit it is from Central Nervous System Brain Anatomy Peripheral Nervous System Brain Anatomy Somatic PNS Brain Anatomy Autonomic PNS Brain Anatomy Afferent Neuron Brain Anatomy Efferent Neuron Brain Anatomy Skull Brain Anatomy Meninges Brain Anatomy Integrate neural and body signals connects nerves of CNS to the muscles organs skin control of cranial and spinal nerves controls sympathetic and parasympathetic responses fight or flight rest digest bring sensory info from receptors to the CNS bring signals from CNS to muscles and organs protects the brain protects the brain Cerebral Cortex Brain Anatomy Frontal Lobe Brain Anatomy Prefrontal Cortex Superior Frontal Gyrus Brain Anatomy Inferior Frontal Gyrus Brain Anatomy Middle Frontal Gyrus Brain Anatomy covers entire brain contains neurons conduction form borders between brain regions planning organizing decision making important in executive functions planning decision making introspection organize thoughts carry out goals social control morality personality responsible for introspection plans movement risk aversion right side Broca s aphasia left side controls impulsivity complex behaviors like lying and attention brain could be compromised meningitis inflammation of the meninges swelling in subarachnoid space increased intracranial pressure brain injuries epidural subdural hematoma subarachnoid hemorrhage blood collects between layers damage could cause loss of any all of the functions listed non functioning in Autism disrupted in Alzheimer s composed of brain and spinal cord composed of extremities everything other than brain and spinal cord divided into somatic and autonomic composed of glands and organs hard layer of bone contains blood vessels dura mater arachnoid pia mater in order from superior inferior forms gyri and sulci gyri are upward folds sulci inward folds 6 layers thick builds from the inside out most superficial cells are oldest most recent in evolution means first to die contains superior and inferior frontal gyrus located on superior aspect of frontal lobe part of prefrontal cortex bottom most part of frontal lobe located at middle area of the frontal lobe inferior to superior FG Broca s Area Brain Anatomy controls production of speech located in Inferior frontal gyrus Loss of function means person cant speak but can understand words Loss of function means patient can not understand language has normal rhythm but doesn t make any sense damage causes blindsight no perception of sight but person can navigate mazes perform other visual tasks Wernicke s Area Brain Anatomy controls understanding processing of language and speech Pre Central Gyrus Brain Anatomy primary motor cortex facilitates muscle movement Pre Motor Cortex Brain Anatomy Post Central Gyrus Brain Anatomy Occipital Lobe Brain Anatomy site of mirror neurons implications for understanding intentions learning and empathy processes ALL sensory info primary sensory cortex primary visual cortex Temporal Lobe Brain Anatomy Superior Temporal Gyrus Brain Anatomy Middle Temporal Gyrus Brain Anatomy Inferior Temporal Gyrus Brain Anatomy hearing memories object recognition language emotion primary auditory cortex language and semantic memory integrates memory with sound sensory important for visual processing Parietal Lobe Brain Anatomy Brodmann Areas Brain Anatomy Cingulate Gyrus Nucleus Accumbens integrates sensory systems into single world view distinctly organizes neurons for each area makes area functionally distinct separates cerebral hemispheres responsible for telling you don t do that cortex of the limbic system involved in moving you forward linked to impulsivity eating disorders separates primary motor narrow strip just posterior to frontal lobe amount of cortex devoted to a function is related to complexity of function more cortex higher complexity activate when you do action and when you watch someone else do same action areas with finer sensory discrimination have more cortex receives input from eyes via limbic area contains Wernicke s language comprehension grandmother cells used to recognize faces you know damage removes awareness of sound verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia fusiform gyrus recognizing what you know is normal complex object recognition dysfunctional in Alzheimer s loss of sensory perception strip of limbic cortex just above corpus callosum located in the frontal lobe Central Sulcus forms first degenerates Hippocampus and sensory cortices memory converts STM into LTM Hypothalamus Amygdala Thalamus Cerebellum Ventricles Cingulate Cortex Olfactory Bulb Limbic System Arcuate Fasciculus controls Autonomic Nervous System parasympathetic sympathetic emotional response food and water intake regulation of sleep cycle homeostasis control of emotions fear response makes association b w different stimuli ALL sensory input except for smell goes through here gets processed gets info and sends to hippocampus amygdala to make sure it s ok familiar organizes smooth movements balance motor learning motor error connection make the brain buoyant fluid coming out is responsible for filtering of blood and CSF processes physical and social pain reward circuitry component sense of smell emotional Rx to scents processing of emotions feelings memories motivation and smell connects Broca s and Wernicke s areas important for certain aspects of language i e repeating words Posterior Cerebral Artery facial recognition vision anterograde amnesia can t remember new memories retrograde amnesia can t remember old memories hypothermia and hyperthermia dilation of blood vessels inhibits shivering constriction of BVs increases shivering secretion of certain hormones last most often shows seizures in temporal lobe attached to pituitary gland under thalamus next to hippocampus which is why scary events are so vividly remembered projections to all lobes of brain in temporal lobe sits on top of brain stem loss of balance trouble walking tremors when moving not resting located at back of occipital lobe filled with fluid gray matter of the corpus callosum reduced in Bipolar patients Major Depressive Disorder showing more social pain w o arcuate fasciculus you could hear and complete instructions but wouldn t be able to verbally repeat basically just the whole cingulate gyrus contains cingulate gyrus hippocampus amygdala on both hemispheres carotid origin branch to occipital