Kellner Cultural Studies Multiculturalism and Media Culture 1 triangulated approach to cultural studies Production and Political Economy Textual Analysis o o Marginalizing divergent ideologies how conservative and liberal values interlocking system of inter articulating and mutually reinforcing agencies Production culture and it s distribution Political Economy of institutions influence media content o Quantitative Qualitative Approaches gender and sexuality are portrayed Dominant and Oppositional readings Audience can appropriate media to empower themselves and hegemony fails when dominant ideology is weaker than social resisitance used to analyze and critique how race class o o Audience Reception and Use of Media Culture Ex blacks having the right to vote MLK protested and ended it Ex Blacks were thought not to be full people 2 media literacy To equip individuals with the ability to read criticize and resist socio cultural manipulation Promotes social political transformation Hegemony is fragile Ideologies must be renewed and reasserted represents the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence 3 ideology Lull Hegemony 1 hegemony Power Refers to power itself and to the process for gaining and maintain power 2 counter hegemonic tendencies Ideological resistance and appropriation involve reinventing institutional messages for purposes that differ greatly from their creator s intention ex homeless turning grocery shopping carts into personal storage vehicles Belton The Emergence of the Cinema as an Institution 1 aspects of the cinematic institution 4 It is designed to make money so has established itself as an industry an institution provides an appropriate form of social contact way to spend leisure time It became the Economic that produces a particular though intangible product Social modern communal activity largely replaced pre industrial social institutions like dance halls and saloons Its success depended on Industrial Revolution era inventions Technological Its purpose is to encourage working class and middle class Americans to frequent Psychological the movies by providing a type of entertainment they want as well as promoting a lifestyle or displaying consumer goods that the audiences will desire 2 developments and inventions that established cinema as an institution 3 1891 1893 Mass Communication Technology The Kinetoscope o 1896 1905 The origins of cinema lie in the developments of the Industrial Revolution and the ability to communicate to the masses quickly 200 seat theaters devoted exclusively to the showing of motion picture films Mass Consumption Film Projection and the Nickelodeon Era begins Small The Nickelodeon era begins with small 200 seat theaters devoted exclusively to 1908 present the showing of often exhibitionist motion picture films Shift in the audiences from middle to lower class attendees and from private to public consumption From Spectacle to Storytelling The Feature Film and the Movie Palace Subsequent cinema became more intent on the perfection of narrative skills than exhibition focusing on in literature Films were shown in palatial movie palaces o o o o Hall Representation Meaning and Language 1 1 Representation Representation is a process of correlating things and signs which is indispensible to the production of meaning and requires a conceptual map and a shared language Two Systems of Representation o Conceptual maps o Language System by which things in the world are correlated with concepts or mental representations e g chair love mermaid Shared conceptual maps make communication possible Communication requires the translation of conceptual maps into shared language of signs Signs words sounds images which represent concepts and carry meaning 2 Codes Bridge the two systems of representation o Correlated between conceptual system and language system o Meaning is not a thing but is constructed by society Cultural agreement allows for this Remember tree example 3 Constructionist theory of representation and processes opposite of reflective and intentional Meanings are conventions constructed by social actors using shared symbolic practices Reflective Language reflects meanings which are already out there in the world of objects people and events Intentional Language reflects meanings which are already out there in the world of objects people and events o o McNamee Miller The Meritocracy Myth 1 meritocracy myth A social system which allows people to achieve success proportionate to their talents and abilities How to Increase Meritocracy o o Ex distribution of wealth and income Ex Job opportunities according to race or gender Try to reduce or eliminate racism and discrimination Encourage wealthy people to redistribute wealth care and education o o o Allocate more gov t resources to provide equal access to services like health 2 nonmerit barriers neutralize or negate the effects of individual merit Social Forces Inheritance Luck Race Age Sexuality Lookism disguised discrimination Gender Disability Religion o o o o o o o o o Inheritance 3 Higher standards of living Unequal starting points Insulation from downward mobility Access to educational opportunities Better health care Knowing the right people and how to behave around them from an affluent family socializing with wealthy same social standing network to gain wealthy opportunities social capital knowing uses of extensive silverware 4 social and cultural capital Belton Classical Hollywood Cinema Narration 1 elements of classical Hollywood narration narrative structure 3 High Artifice Invisible Art o Classical principles and seamlessness 2 o Suspension of disbelief Equilibrium and Disruption Characters and Goals o o Problem solving Timelines and spatial lines 2 willing suspension of disbelief fantasy 3 segmentation Choose not to recognize and believe what is happening during the movie realistic vs Analyzing film narratives Convey the spirit of crisis that characterizes the modern post Industrial Revolution twentieth century age in part 35 by rejecting classical forms e g single vs multiple points of view linear time vs flashbacks and a resolution vs irresolution 5 dramatic unities 3 Unity of Action e g a trial Unity of Time e g linear action in a single day Unity of Space e g a room i A Circular Pattern ii 5 modernists Journey to a New Place disrupt staple ways of telling a story examples tell a story from multiple POVsmess with linear time past and present no
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