HUM3321 Midterm Study GuideVocabulary:Agency – an authoritative voiceCode – system of understanding that connects conceptual map to the signconceptual mapHabitus – socially learned dispositions toward emotional expression and behavior shared by members of a groupHegemony – the power or dominance that one social group holds over others; dominance and subordination; method ofgaining and maintaining powerHeterosociality - nonsexual attractions held by men (or women) for members ofthe other sexHomosociality – nonsexual attractions held by men (or women) for members oftheir own sexIdeological State Apparatus (ISA) – private, functions by ideology (Ex. Churches, political parties, families, schools, mediaIdeology – a subconscious subscription to a system of beliefs that appear to be innate and naturalMyth – an act of taking signs to be instances of universal truths (how stereotypes are born)Repressive State Apparatus (RSA) – public, function by violence (Ex. Police, courts, army, government, administrationScapegoating – blaming an individual or group for a real or perceived failure ofothers (subordinate groups targeted)Sign – iconic, indexical, symbolicSignifier – word, sound, or imageSignified – real world object or abstract conceptStereotype – a conventional, formulaic, and usually oversimplified conception, opinion, or beliefQuestions to Consider:1. Be familiar with how media culture functions in society (i.e. How does it affect and involve us ideologically?).- creates a set of shared values, constructs the division line between us and them, causes people to have a connection with each other, gives us our idea of race, class, gender, identity, tells us what’s good and bad (moral/immoral), creates biases, causes us not to question the absence of representation2. What is multiculturalism? - a celebration of subordinate cultures3. What are the three ways, as proposed by Douglas Kellner, that one can analyze cultural texts?- Production and political economy (look at the formulas and conventions ofproduction)- Textual analysis (look at ideological positions, narrative strategies, and image construction)- Audience reception and use of cultural texts (because the audience is subjective and texts have a multiplicity of meanings)4. According to author Lynn Weber, what are the five themes that characterize multicultural scholarship, as discussed in class? (Note: Weber actually lists six.) - contextuality, social construction, systems of power, social structural/socialpsychological, and simultaneously expressed5. Be familiar with what these five themes entail. For example, a CONTEXTUAL analysis would consider the geographical, political, cultural, and historical context of a work.- Contextuality (should not look at it equally)- Social construction (polar opposites; people create hierarchies, they are notnatural)- Systems of power (contains dominance through coercion and content)- Social structural (macro) and social psychological (micro)- Simultaneously expressed (cannot separate race, class, gender, sexuality)6. Where did scholarship on race, class, gender, and sexuality begin? Why? - black women studies because they exist as two or more subordinate groups; lower class, non-white, and female; existing on multiple levels of the subordinate class7. How is the social structure of class different than the social structure of race, gender, or sexuality? - social class is mobile (allows for upward and downward mobility, can go fromrags to riches or vice versa)8. As a system of power, hierarchies require what two components from the dominant and subordinate groups? - coercion and consent9. How do we express conceptual maps? (i.e. If I have a thought in my head, how do I express it to you?) - through language10. Be familiar with how a system of signs (signifier + signified) work.- Signifier (word, sound, or image that refers to the signified)- Signified (real world object or abstract concept)11. What are three types of signs? Think of an example for each.- iconic (Ex. Picture of a tree/this is not a pipe painting/Britney Spears givingbirth, icons on your desktop)- indexical (refers to something; Ex. Word tree, Ronald McDonald, McDonaldgolden arches)- symbolic (represents or stands in for an idea Ex. A cross)12. How do codes function? Think of an example of a code. - maintain/fix the relationship between conceptual maps and signs- Ex. Traffic light, stop sign (where you know exactly what it means)13. Finish this sentence: Culture is the act of production and ___________. - reproduction (to produce again)14. Be able to think of examples of ISAs and RSAs.- ISAs (ideological state apparatuses): church, family, schools, media; places youcan be influenced ideologically- RSAs (repressive state apparatuses): government, army, military, courts, judicialsystem; anyone that can put you in jail15. What is the most widespread and common ideological tool in the U.S. today? - media16. What is Marxism? In Marxism, who has hegemony? (NOT ON EXAM)- the upper class has hegemony in Marxism17. What are the five ways, as discussed in class, the hegemonic group maintains their hierarchical position of dominance? - controlling ideology, coercion and consent, exploitation, physical and mental limitations, and domination and subordination (oppression)18. How do stereotypes filter information? - stereotypes do not change, they filter evidence so inconsistent evidence isn’t included; any info that disagrees with our beliefs is ignored19. As discussed in class, stereotypes function in three ways. What are they?- self deception, to protect us from discomfort/fear, and to maintain privileged beliefs20. Finish this sentence: Stereotypes concern _________ or _________ attributes. - behavioral or psychological21. What are the two ways stereotypes protect the self-esteem of the majority?- assures the majority of their own superiority such as the coon stereotype- protects the majority from seeing their own wrongdoings (ex. Females arenaturally inferior and men can hide behind science and facts to protect their owngender bias)22. According to a study in 2003, how many hours per week did teens spend watching television?- 21 hours23. What ideology does the 13-soldier patrol in Bataan represent? What is the significance of this ideology in Bataan?- America is a melting pot (ties into concept of freedom; people from diffbackgrounds all have equality)- that Americans will
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