Concepts- ISA (Ideological State Apparatus) – An organization (not a person) that propagates the ideologies of the hegemonic force through means of social and psychological effects.o In other words, you are taught to believe that the hegemony’s ideas are best and should be supported. o Examples: Church, School, Media (News, TV, Film, Internet, Advertising), Books, Family, Government (political system)- RSA (Repressive State Apparatus) – An organization (not a person) that enforces the ideologies of hegemony though the use of violence (or force).o In other words these are the groups that make sure you follow the laws of the ruling power.o This is a less effective means of staying in power.o Some examples: Police, Military, Prison, Court System- Ideology – system of ideaso Example: certain religions have an ideology about gender – compliments of men- Hegemony – Ruling social, political, and cultural forceso For example: In our culture – Middle/upper class, moderate, white males (WASP)- Meritocracy Myth – (Meritocracy – system in which people “get ahead” according to their merit)o The impact of merit on economic outcomes is overestimatedo Merit is partly a product of environment and social conditionso Factors unrelated to merit (“nonmerit factors”) neutralize or negate the effects of individual merit- Imagined Community – concept coined by Anderson, different from an actual community because it is notbased on everyday interactiono For example, Anderson believes that a nation is a socially constructed community, imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of the groupo Imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow members, yet in the mind of each lives the image of their communion - Stereotypes – defined as “conventional, formulaic, and usually oversimplified conception, opinion, or belief; a person, group, event or issue considered to typify or conform to an unvarying pattern.”o Stereotypes are also inflexible – they do not adequately describe the complexities of the real world, instead merely summarizing it in the broadest possible terms- Arab Stereotypes – o The Sheik – rich, pursuing power & wealth, Western womeno Maidens – mute, subservient, erotic belly dancers, queens or princesseso Egyptians – violent, proverty-stricken, mummieso Palestinians – portrayed as terrorists, - African American Stereotypes –o The brute: black savage man, hideous, who target helpless victimso Criminal black mano The coon: abbreviation of raccoon, young black men who disrespected whiteso The time: black males that are faithful, happy servantso The mammy: black women who were content and happy as slaveso The jezebel: black women as erotic by natureo The sapphire: black women as rude, loud, stubborn, & overbearingo Angry black womeno Welfare queen: people accused for welfare payments through fraud or manipulationo Picaninny: black children portrayed as nameless buffoons running toward fried chickeno Tragic mulattoo Magical negro: has special powers to help white protaginists- Hays Production Code – Code produced when transitioning from silent to talking filmso No picture shall be produced that will lower the moral standards of viewers hence the sympathyof the audience should never sympathize the side of crime – wrongdoing, evil or sino A very conservative way of producing film – moral obligation (right from wrong)- Gender Theory – field of study that is devoted to gender identity & gender representation- Components of Masculinity- Microaggressions – “Subtle, stunning, often automatic, and non-verbal exchanges which are ‘put downs’” “Often unconsciously delivered in the form of subtle snubs or dismissive looks, gestures, and tones.”o Microassulto Microinsulto Microinvalidation- White Privilege – set of societal privileges that white people are argued to benefit from beyond those commonly experienced by people of color in the same social, political, or economical spaceo Denotes obvious & nonobvious unspoken advantages that whites might not recognize - The Other – individual who is perceived by the group as not belonging or as being different in some fundamental way. The group sees itself as the norm and judges those who do not meet that norm.o Example: a different race – white vs. non white OR a different origin – native born vs. immigrant- Gender Roles – defined as a set of social and behavioral norms that are generally considered appropriate for either a man or a women in a social or interpersonal relationshipo Differ based on cultural-historical context- Heteronormative – the normative and normalizing power of heterosexuality in representation, subjectivity, legality, and discipline (342).- LGBTQ – Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Questioning- Feminism – describes a political, cultural or economic movement aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women. o Feminism involves political, cultural and sociological theories, as well as philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference. - Sexuality – a person’s sexual orientation or preference- Class – system of ordering a society in which people are divided into sets based on perceived social or economic status- Race – each of the major divisions of human kind based on physical characteristics such as colors, creeds, ethnicity, culture, language, history, etc.Definitions- Multiculturalism – “affirms the worth of different types of culture and cultural groups,” (Kellner, p. 3)o Cultural studies analyze hegemonic, or ruling, forces of domination.o Seeks “counterhegemonic” forces of resistance and struggle- Language – Film language is all the techniques filmmakers use to tell a story on the screen — including camera distance, angle, and movement; editing; and sound - Representation – the description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way or as being of acertain natureo Pertaining to film: gender, race, class are represented by their stereotypes - Film Noir – subjects come fro the underworld of pulp fiction. Usually deal with crime or criminal actions that disturbs, disorientates, or induces anxiety in the viewer- Nationalism – There is no scientific definition for nation, nationality or nationalism. o A scientific definition comprises the idea of repeatability and predictability among other things -Femme Fatale – an attractive & seductive
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