Textile Labeling o Enforced by Federal Trade Commission Laws which regulate labeling of textile products o Textile Fiber Product Identification Act TFPIA became law in 1960 amended in 1998 o Requirement CTE 1401 Exam 1 Review Generic name of fiber content in order by weight 65 cotton 35 polyester Name and or registered number of manufacturer Country of origin o Wool Products Labeling Act 1939 Same requirements as TFPIA must also include name of animal and if recycled materials are used Wool fiber from fleece of the sheep or lamb or hair of the angora or cashmere goat Recycled wool 1 The resulting fiber when wool has been woven or felted into product 2 Resulting fiber when wool or reprocessed wood has been spun woven knitted or felted after being used by a consumer o Fur Products Labeling Act 1951 Fur products must have name of fur bearing animal Must have country of origin o Permanent Care Labeling Rule Different legislation from TFPIA Effective 1972 Amended 1985 Amended again 2000 Must state reasonable instructions about regular car or provide warnings if can t be cleaned without harm Must be permanently legible and permanently attached Easily seen or found by consumer Textile fibers o Fundamental unit making up all textile products o Two types of fibers Manufactured Fibers Generic names are based on chemical compound Regenerated Cellulose Regenerated Protein synthetic rubber mineral Examples rayon lyocell acetate acrylic nylon polyester spandex olefin metallic glass o Natural Fibers Generic names are based on fiber source Cellulose Protein Mineral o Examples cotton wool silk hemp flax asbestos Fibers short fibers ranging from 1 to a few feet o Staple Manufactured fibers can be cut into staple fibers All natural fibers EXCEPT silk o Filament Fibers long continuous fibers several hundred yards All manufactured fibers are produced as filament fibers Silk is the only natural filament fiber o Polymers large molecules that fibers are made of Ex cotton has good moisture absorption because of the polymer structure o The longitudinal view and cross section are used to identify natural fibers Longitudinal view aka surface contour Cross section fiber shape o The shape of manufactured fibers can be changed to influence performance of the fiber o Fiber structure Luster sheen or shine of fiber Color depends on fiber source most fibers are white or off white Crimp fiber s waviness o Moisture properties depend on chemical composition fiber shape fineness Absorption ability to take in water Hydrophilic fibers absorb moisture o Most absorbent fiber is wool Hydrophobic fibers don t absorb moisture Hygroscopic fibers absorb moisture without feeling clammy or we ex wool or silk Adsorption ability to hold water on its surface Wicking ability to transport liquid along the surface o Fiber properties Ex polyester Tenacity strength of fiber Modulus fiber s resistance to extension Elongation fiber s ability to extend when pulled until it s broken Elastic recover fiber s ability to return to its original length after it has been stretched Resiliency fiber s ability to recover after it has been deformed by compression Flexibility fiber s ability to bend or fold without breaking Affinity for oil ability to absorb oily substances affects stains stain removal Oleophilic fibers have an affinity for oil Affects staining and stain removal Oleophobic fibers have no affinity for oil Resistance is dependent upon o o Resistance to microorganisms Resistance to chemicals fiber s ability to withstand contact with acid alkalis oxidizing agents and organic solvents Chemical composition concentration amount of chemical duration of chemical Mildew can damage cotton rayon and other cellulosic fibers Manufactured fibers made of petroleum based products do not rot and are resistant to microorganisms Resistance to Insect Damage Protein and cellulosic fibers are a food source for insects Resistance to sunlight Effect of heat flame reaction is determined by the chemical composition and physical structure of the polymers Natural Fibers o Found in nature are divided into 3 chemical classes Cellulose plant Protein animal Mineral o Natural Cellulosic Fibers Derived from plants Subdivided based on the part of the plant which they come from Asbestos only natural mineral fiber banned in the U S proven to cause cancer when inhaled Seed hair fibers attached to the seed Bast Cotton kapok milkweed o fibers fibrous part of the stem o Flax ramie hemp jute kenaf Leaf fibers fibrous part of the leaf Pi a abaca sisal sea grass raffia Fruit husk fibers cover hard shell of fruit Coir from coconuts o o Cotton flax are most commonly used for clothes interiors o Natural Protein Fibers From animal sources divided into 2 sub categories Animal hair fibers wool and fur fibers Silk fibers are extruded filament fibers spun by silkworms Most common natural protein fiber is sheep s wool Characteristics of Natural Fibers o Staple fibers except silk o Not uniform no 2 plants or animals are identical vary in shape size o Quality varies based on source breed o Can t be modified exception is alteration through selective breeding of the source o Chemical finishes are commonly used to enhance the performance Cotton o Cellulosic fiber staple fiber characteristics depend on seed variety growing conditions processing o Grown in tropical sub tropical regions o 2 types of cotton Upland accounts for 95 of the production Pima Length longer is better Color whiter is better except naturally colored cottons Cleanliness flecks of trash are undesirable Fineness finer is better Strength stronger is better o Graded on o Length Pima and Egyptian are examples of extra long staple fibers o Longitudinal view natural twist looks like a ribbon when twisted o Cross section kidney shaped with a hollow center core called lumen o o Cotton Performance Most commonly used natural fiber Medium strength Poor flexing abrasion resistance Poor wrinkle resistance To improve cotton is blended with other fibers or has finish applied Hydrophilic good moisture absorption No static comfortable in hot weather slow to dry clammy when wet Doesn t irritate skin Biodegradable Damaged by sunlight Burns quickly like paper Uses apparel interiors household institutional textiles technical textiles gauze o Care Withstand agitation during washing drying May shrink first few washes due to relaxation shrinkage Can be bleached Dry cleanable Iron at high temperature Easy to clean o Eco friendly cotton Flax Linen