MCB Exam 2 Study Guide You DO need to know specific names of the disease causing organisms that we discussed and how they are transmitted These are discussed throughout this extensive guide Know what the enzyme reverse transcriptase does and what it is used for in the lab Reverse Transcriptase is what makes DNA from RNA This enzyme can be used to amplify an RNA including mRNA rRNA tRNA and viral genomic RNA We use this enzyme for cloning in lab Know the names of the sub divisions of the phylum Proteobacteria alpha beta etc There are five classes in the phylum Proteobacteria Also it s good to know the general hierarchy order 1 Alphaproteobacteria 2 Betaproteobacteria 3 Gammaproteobacteria 4 Deltaproteobacteria 5 Epsilonproteobacteria Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Fun way to remember these sub divisions Danish Kings Play Chess on Fiber Glass Stools Know the infectious agent that causes stomach ulcers Helicobacter pylori is responsible for stomach ulcers peptic ulcers and grows in lining of stomach if untreated this infectious agent can lead to stomach cancer Contains multiple flagella microaerophilic and is acidophilic Know what diseases can be caused by species of Chlamydia Chlamydiae Phylum This is a Gram NEGATIVE obligate intracellular parasite meaning that these cannot survive without metabolites from their host 1 MCB Exam 2 Study Guide Three important species Chlamydia trachomatis causes the STD chlamydia and can cause conjuctivitis eye infection This species travels mucus membrane to mucus membrane Chlamydophila psittaci causes Parrot fever spread by bird droppings Chlamydophila pneumonia causes atypical pneumonia not a very common form of pneumonia Know the name of the form of Chlamydia that briefly live outside host cells and can be transferred from host to host This is known as an elementary body these are more environmentally resistant forms that can survive outside host cells but they cannot survive on surfaces These must be spread by intimate contact to another host organism On the other hand the reticulate body lives as an obligate intracellular pathogen and a growing vegetative form within a host These divide in endocytic compartments and differentiate into elementary bodies Know the name of the bacteria that we discussed that completely lacks cell walls Our Mollicutes Class are our Wall less bacteria These have very small genomes small cell sizes and are a common contaminant of human cell line cultures additionally they are very hard to detect Important Species Myocplasma pneumoniae atypical bacterial pneumonia Know the bacteria that produces botulinum toxin Phylum Firmicutes Clostridium these Gram positive Firmicutes are our spore formers and are obligate anaerobes C botulinum causes botulism these spores germinate in canned and preserved foods Lots of botox toxin can accumulate in these cans and if ingested it is deadly Know the bacteria that produces tetanus toxin Clostridium these Gram positive Firmicutes are our spore formers and are obligate anaerobes C tetani causes tetanus which paralyzes us and creates a lock jaw Know the names of the bacterial genera that are enteric bacteria Enterobacteriales Class Gammaproteobacteria Order Enterobacteriales these have peritrichous flagella and are facultatively anaerobic can grow with or without oxygen but still prefer oxygen in their environment Most of these are 2 MCB Exam 2 Study Guide active fermenters of glucose Enterobacter cause UTI s and nosocomial infections Escherichia common not usually pathogenic model system we use in labs Most common form is E Coli E Coli is the most common inhabitant of our intestinal tract Klebsiella capable of nitrogen fixation Proteus distinct appearance of concentric rings have a swarming type of growth on agar Salmonella pathogenic common in animal many serovar Causes typhoid fever S typhi This is often a Food Borne pathogen and commonly found in poultry Serratia this is the pink stuff we find in our poorly tended showers this can cause an illness if we are immunocompromised S marcescens Shigella often a Food Borne pathogen Yersinia Y pestis is what causes the bubonic plague This black death is transmitted by fleas on rats This is responsible for killing 30 60 of Europe s population in the 14th century Know what the MMRV vaccine protects against 1 MMR vaccine Protects against measles mumps and rubella 2 MMRV vaccine Protects against measles mumps rubella varicella chicken pox Know the name of the bacterium that causes necrotizing fasciitis Phylum Firmicute Class Baccilli Family Streptococcaceae Streptococcus pyogenes this is what causes scarlet fever strep throat rheumatic fever necrotizing fasciitis and Also called Group A Streptococcus This is a very dangerous pathogen Also in this family is Streptococcus pneumonia this is our MAJOR cause of pneumonia Know which human tissues the Plasmodium malaria organism passes through in its life cycle Protozoa Phylum Apicomplexa Family Plasmodium Plasmodium vivax most common cause of malaria Plasmodium falciparum causes the most SEVERE form of malaria A mosquito carries this Mosquitos are definitive hosts and humans are intermediate hosts o There is a life cycle in the liver and another life stage in the blood 1 Mosquito bites human sporozoites migrate through blood to liver 2 In the liver merozites are produced and then released to the bloodstream these develop into ring stage in RBCs and replicate 3 Another mosquito bites infected human and ingests gametocyte in the RBCs 4 Mosquito digests RBC and gamete forms zygote this results in a spore that 3 MCB Exam 2 Study Guide travels to salivary gland of mosquito so it can spread again when mosquito bites There is a toxic crystallization in the heme of plasmodium and this is why it is so severe Know which viral disease that we discussed has been eradicated by vaccination programs Smallpox has been eradicated and therefore cowpox has too Know the differences between a cutaneous subcutaneous or systemic fungal infection Mycoses Fungal Infection Systemic mycoses Deep within body Subcutaneous mycoses Beneath the skin Cutaneous mycoses Affects hair skin and nails Superficial mycoses Localized ex hair shafts Opportunistic mycoses Caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi these attack primarily immunocompromised patients AIDS patients are vulnerable Know what an opportunistic infection is To reiterate the last question an opportunistic infection is any infection caused
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