Describe key contributions of Witmer to Clinical Psychology Scientific psychology in its rigorous experimental sense can be useful in helping people Research oriented independent of both medicine and education Describe the Manifesto for a Science of Clinical Psychology Psychological services should not be delivered to the public Service is described clearly Benefits of the service are stated explicitly Benefits are validated scientifically Positive effects of the service are shown to outweigh its possible negative effects The primary and overriding objective of doctoral training programs in clinical psychology must be to produce the most competent clinical scientists possible Describe some of the Challenges for Clinical Psychology in the Future Maintaining the Link Between Science and Practice Should Psychologists Prescribe Psychoactive Medication Functioning in a Diverse Society How Many Clinical Psychologists Do We Need Managed Care and the Health Care Industry Describe some of the basic differences between a psychologist and psychiatrist Psychiatrists have an MD and Psychologist typically have a Ph D Psy D Describe the following tasks of a clinical psychologist Four Task Description What is the problem Explanation Why did it happen Prediction What will be the course of the problem if left untreated Change How can the course and outcome be changed Importance of the following individual s ideas Meehl A meta analysis comparing clinical and mechanical prediction efficiency vindicates Meehl s 1954 claim that mechanical data combination and prediction outperforms clinical combination and prediction Hans Eysenck Argued no evidence that therapy was any more effective than no treatment Wundt Return to US and worked at U of Penn Open first clinic to help children Founded new branch of psychology Clinical Psychologist Sir Francis Galton Believed that physical characteristics which are inherited such as head size as an indirect measure of brain size would be related to intellect Mesmer Credited with having invented hypnotism with which his name has become synonymous Freud Was an Austrian psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for curing psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst Father of psychoanalytic theory Aaron Beck He is regarded as the father of cognitive therapy and his pioneering theories are widely used in the treatment of clinical depression James Catell sensory motor functioning He invented various apparatus for measuring reaction time in experimental psychology studies What was the Shakow Report 1947 I The first APA standards for training clinical psychologists Training in clinical psychology was expected to produce professionals who are able to conduct research assessment and psychotherapy Clinical psychologists should receive four years of training at the doctoral i e Ph D level including supervised practicum experiences Third year of training should consist of placement at an internship site Final year of training should be devoted to dissertation related activities Curriculum should include general psychology related disciplines psychodynamics of behavior diagnostic methods research methods and therapy Master s level training should be discontinued What were the key ideas put forth by Academy of Psychological Clinical Science Internship training programs in clinical and health psychology in the United States and Canada Academy membership is open to doctoral and internship programs 1 Foster the training of students for careers in clinical science research who skillfully will produce and apply scientific knowledge 2 Advance the full range of clinical science research and theory and their integration with other relevant sciences 3 Foster the development of and access to resources and opportunities for training research funding and careers in clinical science 4 Foster the broad application of clinical science to human problems in responsible and innovative ways 5 Foster the timely dissemination of clinical science to policy making groups psychologists and other scientists practitioners and consumers Describe each of the following Single Case Designs Set of methods developed in behavioral psychology to study Individuals cases in a controlled manner Descriptive Research Designs Epidemiological research a Prevalence of cases in population for specified time b Incidence of new cases got sick 1st time with depression last year Human characteristics or disorders in a representative population Correlational Research Designs Relationship between tow quantities such that when one changes the other does Weight and depression Drug use and grades Experimental Research Designs Involve control and manipulation of one or more variables independent variable Observe change in some other variable dependent variable Can determine causal relationships Define reliability Reliability consistency of measurement Define validity Validity the truth it is measuring what it says it is measuring Describe the components of an experimental design What is statistical significance Statistical significance of a correlation that the correlation is reliably different from zero is determined by 1 00 to 0 00 to 1 00 a With small samples only large correlations are significant b With large samples even very small correlations will be significant What is clinical significance What does Effect size depends on A criterion that has some meaning in relation to the clinical problem Size of the difference between the means Which of the following are Characteristics of a Good Theory The best explanation is always the simplest The theory will only include what is Necessary and sufficient Logical and Internal Consistency Must be consistent within its self One proposition must lead to the next Each element building on another Describe each of the following Classical Conditioning Behavior is cued by antecedent stimuli in the environment Social learning Ways of behaving are learned by observing others and that this is a major means by which children acquire unfamiliar behavior Operant conditioning Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences Behaviors followed by positive consequences will increase positive reinforcement Behaviors followed by the termination of negative consequences will increase negative
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