The study guide we were given says the exam is cumulative but will focus more on the material from the second half Beltran Giroux I have included the main points of each other as well as the words and main ideas from the study guide I also suggest making notecards for each author with their theoretical framework which I have listed below from the study guide we were given Theories Theoretical Frameworks Methodology Cultural studies Kellner Hall Lull etc Women s Studies Kellner Grossman McIntosh Multiculturalism Kellner Beltran McIntosh Representation Hall Althusser etc Hegemony counterhegemony Kellner Lull Loza etc Gender Risman Ideology ideological framework Althusser Kellner Lull etc Themes Concepts Key Terms by author Kellner o Cultural Studies o Cultural studies shows how media culture articulates the dominant values political ideologies and social developments and novelties of the era It conceives of U S culture and society as a contested terrain with various groups and ideologies struggling for dominance o Cultural studies is important because it provides some tools that enable one to read and interpret one s culture critically o Cultural studies lends itself to a multiculturalist program that demonstrates how culture reproduces certain forms of racism sexism and biases o Discusses the project of cultural studies it aims assumptions values and methods o Pay attention to Kellner s integration of key terms theories that will recur in subsequent chapters including Hegemony ruling social political and cultural forces Ideology ideologies ideology is of central importance for cultural studies for dominant ideologies serve to reproduce social relations of domination and subordination Multicultural issues intrinsically related sex gender class religion race Marxism Feminism Semiotics signs codes o Production Political Economy o Political Economy of Culture a frame of reference that emphasizes the system of production within which cultural texts news media Hollywood movies TV etc are produced and distributed o Study of CODES Hall describes this term in Ch 3 o Benefits Awareness of global networks industrial structure that impacts the production and distribution of cultural texts e g Kellner cites Madonna in contemporary times one might consider Lady Gaga or Beyonc o Limitations often reductive see p 5 o Cultural studies is thus not just another academic fad but can be part of a struggle for a better society and a better life Kellner 10 Stuart Hall o Representation o Connecting meaning and language to culture o 3 approaches to language used for representation reflective intentional o Constructionist reflective intentional which approach is most relevant to constructionist cultural studies o Constructionist meaning is constructed in and through language o How is meaning constructed and fixed o We fix meanings that become natural and inevitable o Constructed and fixed by the code sets up the correlation between our conceptual systems and our language system o Two systems of representation o Mental representations a set of concepts by which all sorts of objects people and events are correlated o System of representation consists of different ways of organizing clustering arranging and classifying concepts and establishing complex relations between them o Hegemony dominance and subordination in the field of relations structured by o When does hegemony fail o it is crucial the hegemony is not a given and permanent state of affairs but it has to be actively won and secure o Ideology a Representation of the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence o ISAs RSAs o Repressive State Apparatus Exist in the public legal realm unified can survive shifts of power in government and functions first by repression violence secondarily by ideology police force prison military o Ideological State Apparatus Exist in the private sector function first by ideology and secondarily by force Institutions which generate ideologies which we as Lull power Althusser individuals and groups internalize and act in accordance with or face consequences These organizations generate systems of ideas and values which we believe or not religion education politics art sports o interpellation Anderson o Definition of nation nationality o Nation an imagined political community imagined as both inherently limited o Nationality socio cultural concept everyone can should will have a nationality and sovereign as he or she has a gender most of their members nations o Imagined limited sovereign community o Imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know o Limited because it has finite if elastic boundaries beyond which lie other o Sovereign because the concept was born in an age in which Enlightenment and Revolution were destroying the legitimacy of the divinely ordained hierarchical dynastic realm o Community because the nation is always conceived as a deep horizontal o Author s question Is there something in the nature of a stereotype that makes it objectionable even when it roughly represents the truth o Stereotypes gender racial ethnic etc v generalization o Stereotypes a conventional formulaic and usually oversimplified conception opinion or belief a person group event or issue considered to typify or conform to an unvarying pattern o Stereotypes differ from generalizations in their greater immunity to revision o Answer to the author s question there s a great difference between a true generalization and a stereotype And there s nothing wrong with telling the truth just make sure it s the whole truth o Pejorative connotation there is always something objectionable in the beliefs comradeship Andre and images to which the world refers o Stereotypes are unfriendly to the truth Bonila o HWLB Bonila coins the term Hollywood Lowbrow to include films that have previously been called teenpix gross comedies or teen sex comedies o Categorical imperatives 4 o Psychological imperatives provide a relief of sorts release of nervous energy as o Sociological imperatives portrays the breaking of norms if only to emphasize laughter them Loza o Cognitive imperatives involves the use of parody and the enhancement of HWLB by literate audiences recognition of intertextual references o Allegorical imperatives allows the films to not fully negate what they say but to subvert the movies textual surfaces o Noir Orientalism why is this framework helpful according to Loza o Orientalism is a
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