CHAPTER 7 STUDY GUIDE INDONESIA Count to 5 in Bahasa 1 satu 2 dua 3 tiga 4 empat 5 lima Bahasa greetings Selemat pagi good morning Selemat siang good midday Selemat sore good late afternoon Selemat malam good evening Know the five Adzan Subuh before sunrise Zuhur at noon Ashar 3 pm Maghrib sunset around 6 pm Isya 7 pm Balinese traditional clothing Udeng men s headwear Batik men s shirt Kebaya women s shirt Sarung wrap worn by men and women Saput used by men worn over the sarung Selendang waist sash worn by women Timeline page 86 o 13th century 1906 o 1906 1908 Hinduism and Buddhism brought to Bali from Java Bali colonized by the Dutch gamelan gong kebyar musical style emerges German film Insel der D monen Island of Demons featuring kecak performance o 1933 o 1945 o 1986 Republic of Indonesia is declared 1 Study Items New contest musical style kreasi beleanjur emerges Indonesia 88 Indonesia is made up of over 17 000 islands and is located in Southeast Asia Only 6 000 islands are inhabited Bali 88 Is one of the 17 000 islands it is very small but densely populated with more than 3 million people Gamelan 88 A generic Indonesian term for ensemble It is used in reference to a diverse class of mainly percussion dominated music ensembles found on Bali Java and several other Indonesian islands Java 89 Bali s neighboring island to the west Jakarta 89 The capital of Indonesia Surakarta and Yogyakarta 89 Major Javanese cities They are located in the province of central Java and are home to the great musical traditions of Central Javanese court gamelan Dutch colonialism 89 Most of Indonesia s lands were formerly Dutch colonies Bali did not come under Dutch colonial rule until 1906 1908 Bahasa Indonesia 89 The national language of Indonesia National slogan 89 Unity in Diversity Indonesia and Islam 89 Indonesia is the world s largest Islamic nation both geographically and in population Almost 90 of Indonesians are Muslim Bali and Hinduism 89 Bali is the only world society outside of the Indian subcontinent in which the majority of the population is Hindu Ramayana 89 98 A Hindu epic It s most popular plot involves the kidnapping of a beautiful princess by and evil king and her eventual rescue by Prince Rama Mahabharata 89 Another Hindu epic Agama Tirta 89 Balinese Hindu religion representing a syncretism of Hindu Buddhist and indigenous Balinese elements literally means Religion of Holy Water Odalan in class The village Odalan is the most foundational festival on Bali Every 210 days the length of the Balinese calendar each village celebrates the anniversary of one of its temples Balinese calendar in class One Balinese year is equal to 210 days The month bulan is made up of 35 days or five weeks Majapahit 89 The Hindu Javanese culture that brought Hinduism to Bali many centuries ago Bali Aga 90 The indigenous people of Bali whose culture and religion predate the arrival of Hinduism and Buddhism Bali Aga mainly live in remote Balinese villages and have distinctive ancient forms of gamelan Triloka 90 The three worlds in the Hindu Balinese conception of the universe Ganesh in class Ganesha is one of many Hindu deities who reached foreign lands as a result Ganesha was a deity particularly worshipped by traders and merchants who went out of India for commercial ventures Bhutas and leyaks 90 The Lower World beginning where land meets sea and descending from there is the realm of evil spirits and malevolent creatures such as bhutas and leyaks who pose a constant threat to human kind 2 List on page 91 features characteristic of both Balinese and Javanese gamelan music Related types of instruments bronze gongs bronze metallophones drums end blown bamboo flutes and bowed chordophones A basis in cyclic musical forms Related tuning systems scales and modes Multipart textures in which the higher pitched instruments play at faster rhythmic rates than the lower pitched instruments Melodic organization in which a main slow moving melody played on one of more instruments the core melody is embellished by faster moving melodies played on other instruments Close associations with various forms of dance dance drama and other arts A common historical foundation in Hindu religious cultures which is reflected symbolically in the music Central Javanese court gamelan 89 91 The gamelan traditions associated with the royal courts of the cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta along with Balinese gamelan gong kebyar the best known type of gamelan internationally Gong cycle 95 A recurring sequence of gong strokes usually employing two or more gongs that provides the musical foundation of a gamelan piece Ketawang gong cycle 92 The word ketawang refers to its cyclic form which is defined by a gong cycle of that name with 16 beats Each ketawang cycle begins and ends with a stroke on the largest lowest pitched gong of the gamelan Rebab 92 A bowed chordophone with two strings The Ketawang Puspawarna begins with an introduction played on this instrument Kendhang 92 The drums that join the rebab about three seconds in slowing the tempo slightly and cueing the entrance of the rest of the ensemble a few seconds later Saron 92 A metallaphone instrument Balinese gamelan gong kebyar 90 91 The best known type of Balinese gamelan Instrumentation features gangsa metallophones gongs of many types sizes and functions drums cymbals and other instruments It is associated with virtuosic kebyar musical style Name of FSU gamelan in class Reyong 93 In the gamelan beleganjur a set of four small hand held gongs each played by a separate performer played in interlocking style Its main function is to elaborate the music s core melody The reyong of the gamelan gong kebyar is a related but distinct instrument Gangsa 93 95 Keyed metallophone instrument of a Balinese gamelan Gilak 96 Common eight beat gong cycle used in gamelan beleganjur and other Balinese music traditions Gong ageng 96 Great gong It is the largest gong or gongs if two in a gamelan Paired tuning 94 The tuning of the pitches of the male and female instruments of a Balinese gamelan to slightly different frequencies striking the same pitch simultaneously on a male female pair creates ombak female instruments of each pair are tuned lower than their male counterparts Ombak 94 Means wave and refers to the acoustical beating effect generated by instruments with paired tuning in a Balinese gamelan Gamelan beleganjur 88 Balinese processional ensemble consisting of multiple gongs drums and 3 cymbals
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