CHAPTER 8 STUDY GUIDE INDIA Timeline 116 117 World Events o c 1500 BCE Key elements of Hinduism worship of many deities caste system Vedas o 5th century BCE Buddhism and Jainism originate in India Islamic influence begins to exert a strong influence on Hindustani culture in north of India Sikh religion Sikhism is founded India officially becomes part of the British empire India achieves national independence from Britain Music Events Karnatak and Hindustani music are recognized as fully distinct but historically related traditions Life of Tansen legendary Hindustani musician Life of Tyagaraja Karnatak composer Ravi Shankar releases Sounds of India John Coltrane records India album Impressions George Harrison plays a sitar on Norwegian Wood album Rubber Soul Ravi Shankar performs at the Monterey Pop fesitval John McClaughlin releases album Shakti featuring Joy A R Rahman wins two Oscars for Slumdog Millionaire 1 o 13th century o 16th century o 1858 o 1947 o 16th century o 1562 1607 o 1767 1847 o 1957 o 1961 o 1965 o 1967 o 1976 o 2008 Names in the blue box on page 120 Ravi Shankar 125 most famous sitar player of all time Yehudi Menuhin 125 a famous young English classical violinist who befriended Shankar while he was in Paris They would later form an important intercultural musical partnership that helped bring Indian classical music to widespread international attention George Harrison 144 Had his sitar solo featured on the song Norwegian Wood that appeared on the Beatles album Rubber Souls in 1965 He was later taught by Shankar John Coltrane 143 An influential jazz saxophonist recorded the composition India John McLaughlin 145 A young British jazz guitarist Also took lessons with Ravi Shankar He was a member of the popular Indian band Shakti L Shankar 146 The group s violinist Ravi s nephew Zakir Hussain 146 A young table player that was also in the band was the son of Ravi s long time musical partner Alla Rakha Shakti 147 The premiere Indian jazz fusion group Their trademark virtuosity talent is displayed in the piece titled Joy It draws upon raga elements and combines them with jazz derived forms and structures to create an exciting synthesis A R Rahman 148 His name was originally A S Dileep Kumar but changed it after converting to Islam Today he is arguably the most renowned and influential Indian musician on an international scale since Ravi Shankar He is the preeminent composer and music director in contemporary Indian cinema Most well known for music in Slumdog Millionaire 8 Academy Awards Shreya Ghoshal 150 The playback singer on Barso Re song in Slumdog Millionaire She is regarded as the queen of Bollywood playback vocalists Study Items Sitar 115 128 A long necked plucked chordophone instrument of India Norwegian Wood 115 144 A song that appeared on the Beatles 1965 album Rubber Soul and consisted of a sitar solo played by George Harrison Sitar explosion 115 A time when multiple musicians began to play the sitar along with other instruments and styles like rock and pop Love You To 116 George Harrison s deepening immersion in Indian music and culture yields 2 in this song It is also included on the Beatles album Relover Within You Without You 118 Another Indian inspired song that appeared on the Beatles album Sergeant Pepper s Lonely Hearts Club Band which was ultimately acclaimed as the greatest rock album of all time West Meets East 118 143 A recording by Ravi Shankar and Yehudi Menuhin that rose to the top of the classical music charts Hindustani raga 118 The raga tradition of North India Himalayan mountains 119 These Mountains bound India on the north side it is bounded by ocean on the east west and south Languages and dialects 119 There are more than 200 languages and 1600 different dialects are spoken Hindi and English are recognized as national languages Vedas 119 The four ancient Sanskrit scriptures of Hinduism believed by Hindus to be of divine origin They are Rig Veda Sama Veda Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda Barhat 119 133 Means growth specifically referring to the musical growth that occurs during a Hindustani raga performance Gharana 119 126 A musical family or lineage that preserves cultivates and develops a particular tradition of raga performance often over the course of many generations Punjab region 115 121 Is divided by Pakistan and India Hindu religion 119 The principal religion of India and one of the world s oldest religions A related but distinct form of Hinduism Agama Tirta is practiced in Bali Indonesia Bhajan 121 A particular class of Hindu devotional songs and hymns with close ties to the historical development of Indian classical music Buddhism Jainism Islam Sikhism Sufism 121 a Buddhism and Jainism originated in India in the 5th century BCE b Islam was first introduced in the 8th century CE It recognizes only one god and prohibits religious images Sikhism was founded in the 16th century Although it incorporates elements of Hinduism and Islam it is a resolutely unique faith c d Sufism is a mystical form of Islam that has exerted an especially strong influence on Indian culture Qawwali music 121 In qawwali the lead singer is joined by an accompanying ensemble of vocalists and instrumentalists 3 British Colonialism 122 In the 19th century Britain became the predominant colonial power officially adding India to its empire in 1858 Indian film song 122 The dominant popular music of modern India Bhangra 122 Originally a folk music tradition of the Punjab region now more widely known in its contemporary popular style often featured in Indian Bollywood films Dhol 122 A large barrel shaped drum It plays powerful rhythms that accompany Punjabi folk songs and dances Karnatak Hindustani 122 Karnatak is the culture of South India in this text it specifically refers to the South Indian classical music tradition Hindustani is the culture of North India Raga 123 132 In Indian classical music a complete and self contained melodic system that serves as the basis or all the melodic materials in any composition or performance of that raga Tala 123 132 The metric cycle in Indian music Sangita 123 A term that is often translated as music but that also encompasses the music related arts of dance and drama Raga and tala fall under this category Nada Brahma 123 135 The Sound of God Brahma the divine source of all sound and thus all ragas Raga performance at its highest level is ultimately a pursuit of the ideal of Nada Brahma Three musical layers 124 Standard in both
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