MCB2004 JONES EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE Know what the enzyme reverse transcriptase does and what it is used for in the lab An RNA dependent DNA polymerase An enzyme that synthesizes a complementary DNA from an RNA template Uses the viral RNA as template to produce complementary double stranded DNA in the multiplication and inheritance processes of the Retroviridae The RNA genome and the enzyme reverse transcriptase are packaged in the virus Know the names of the sub divisions of the phylum Proteobacteria alpha beta etc Proteobacteria includes most of the gram negative chemoheterotrophic o Largest taxonomic group of bacteria particle bacteria Five Classes o Alpha Alphaproteobacteria includes most of the proteobacteria that are capable of growth at very low levels of nutrients Also include agriculturally important bacteria capable of inducing nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with plants and several plant and human pathogens Alphaproteobacteria classes include Rhizobium o Plant symbiont beneficial o Nitrogen fixing bacteria Fix nitrogen in the roots of plants Agrobacterium Pelagibacter o Plant pathogen o Insert a plasmid into plant cells inducing a tumor Important for transgenic plants o Important marine microbes o Discovered by FISH technique o 20 of prokaryotes in oceans o Recently discovered Pelagibacter ubiques Rickettsia o Human pathogen o Carried by arthropods Different species cause different diseases o Obligate intracellular parasites o Causes rocky mountain spotted fever o Important species R prowazekil epidemic typhus Carried by body lice R typhi endemic murine typhus R rickettsii Rock mountain spotted fever Carried by fleas Carried by ticks o Mitochondria seem to be descendants of ancient rickettsial parasites Bartonella o Human pathogen o B henselea Cat scratch disease Brucella Ehrilichia o Human pathogen o Brucellosis o Human pathogen o Tick borne o Erhlichiosis Wolbachia o Live in insects and other animals o Can have important effects on the reproductions of insect and worm species o Filarial Worms The worms require the bacteria for normal development of their offspring Humans infected with filarial worms can be treated with anti bacterial antibiotics Worms can t reproduce of the bacteria have been killed Calubacter o Reproduce by budding from projections called prosthecae o Stalked bacteria found in lakes Hyphomicrobium o Reproduce by budding from prosthecae o Budding bacteria found in lakes Acetobacter and Gluconobacter o Soil bacteria used in industrial production o Produce acetic acid from ethanol o Beta Often use nutrient substances that diffuse away from areas of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter such as hydrogen gas ammonia and methane Several important pathogenic bacteria are found in this group Betaproteobacteia classes include Thiobacillus o Chemoautrophic o Oxidize sulfur H2S SO4 2 Sprillium o Habitat is mainly freshwater o Motile by conventional polar flagella o Large gram negative aerobic bacteria o S volutans is often used as demonstration slide in microbiology o S minus is associated with rat bite fever Sphaerotilus o Chemoheterotrophic o Sheathed bacteria that are found in freshwater and in sewage Sheaths are protective and also aid in nutrient accumulation o Most often associated with opportunistic infections of immunocompromised patients o Hospital acquired infections Called nosocomial infections Burkholderia Bordetella Neisseria o Nonmotile aerobic gram negative rod o B pertussis Cause of pertussis or whopping cough o Aerobic gram negative cocci that usually inhabit the mucous membranes of mammals o N gonorrhoeae Pathogenic Causative agent of gonorrhea o N meningitidis Pathogenic Agent of meningococcal meningitis o Gamma Constitute the largest subgroup of the proteobacteria and include and include a variety of physiological types Gammaproteobacteria include Entereobacteriales o Facultative anaerobic gram negative rods that are peritrichously flagellated o Often called enterics o Inhabit the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals o Escherichia o Salmonella E coli is one of the most common inhabitants of the human intestinal tract E coli is a model system in the lab E coli is not usually pathogenic Can cause urinary tract infections certain strains produce traveler s diarrhea and occasionally cause very serious foodborne disease Almost all members are pathogenic Common inhabitants of the intestinal tracts of many animals especially poultry and cattle Under unsanitary conditions they can contaminate food Foodborne Species is divided into more than 2400 serovars A serovars such as S typhi causes typhoid fever Responsible for a disease called bacillary dysentery or shigellosis Found only in humans Often a foodborne pathogen Commonly found in soil or water Many isolates are capable of fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere K pneumoniae occasionally causes a serious form of pneumonia in humans S marcescens is a bacterial species distinguished by its production of red pigment Can cause illness if immunocompromised Can grow in poorly tended showers Implicated in many infections of the urinary tract and in wounds o Shigella o Klebsiella o Serratia o Proteus o Yersinia o Erwinia Y pestis causes plague bubonic plague Fleas usually transmit the organisms among animals and to humans Primarily plant pathogenic Some cause plant soft rot diseases o Enterobacter E cloacae and E aerogenes can cause urinary tract infections and hospital acquired infections They are widely distributed in humans and animals as well as in water sewage and soil o Facultatively anaerobic gram negative rods o Found mostly in aquatic habitats o Vibros Are rods that are slightly curved Important pathogen is V cholera Causes cholera V parahaemolyticus Causes a less serious form of gastroenteritis Usually inhabiting coastal waters it is transmitted to humans mostly by raw or undercooked shellfish Vibrionales Pseudomonadales o Members of the this order are gram negative aerobic rods or cocci o Pseudomonads Opportunistic pathogens Aerobic gram negative rods that are motile Common in soil and other natural by polar flagella environments Metabolically diverse P aeringinosa Problem for cystic fibrosis patients Moraxella o Strictly aerobic coccobacilli intermediate in shape between cocci and rods o M lacunata is implicated in conjunctivitis Azotobacter and Azomonas o Nitrogen fixing environmental bacteria o Large ovoid heavily capsulated bacteria Legionellales o Grow readily on suitable artificial
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