Know what the enzyme reverse transcriptase does and what it is used for in the lab Reverse transcription RT PCR reverse transcriptase makes DNA from RNA It can be used to amplify an RNA mRNA rRNA tRNA or viral genomic RNA Reverse of the DNA RNA transcription process Used for cloning in lab 5 classes Know the names of the sub divisions of the phylum Proteobacteria alpha beta etc o aphaproteobacteria o betaproteobacteria o gammaproteobacteria o deltaproteobacteria o epsilonproteobacteria o o Key to remember I can t remember what she said in class o Danish Kings Play Chess On Fuzzy Green Squares o o o Know the infectious agent that causes stomach o Species Helicobacter pylori causes stomach ulcers multiple ulcers flagella microaerophilic acidophilic peptic ulcers stomach cancer o o Know what diseases can be caused by species of o Phylum Chlamydiae Gram obligate intracellular parasites Chlamydia can t survive without metabolites from host o Species Chlamydia trachomatis causes STD chlamydia and o Species Chlamydophila psittaci causes Parrot Fever spread can cause conjunctivitis by bird droppings Major problem for immunocompromised patients pneumonia o Species Chlamydophila pneumoniae causes atypical o Important Species o Know the name of the form of Chlamydia that briefly live outside host cells and can be transferred from host to host o Elementary Body more environmentally resistant form that can survive outside host cells but not on surfaces must be spread by intimate contact o o Know the name of the bacteria that we discussed that completely lacks cell walls o o Class Mollicutes The mycoplasmas Wall less bacteria Very small genomes Very small cell size Hard to detect o Mycoplasma pneumonia species atypical bacterial pneumonia and major lab contaminant toxin Know the bacteria that produces botulinum Phylum Firmicutes Genus Clostridium C botulinumspeciescauses botulinum gram Know the bacteria that produces tetanus Clostridium tetani speciescauses tetanus toxin paralyzes gram Know the names of the bacterial genera that are enteric bacteria Enterobacteriales Order Enterobacteriales Order has peritrichous flagella facultative anaerobic can grow with or without oxygen but better in O2 and gram negative rods Often inhabit intestinal tracts in humans and animals Entero internal digestive track Most are active fermenters of glucose and other carbohydrates o Family Enterobacteriaceae o Genus Enterobacter Species E cloacaecan cause UTI s and nosocomial infections Genus Escherichia most common not usually pathogenic model system in labs is Species E Coli Most common inhabitant of human intestinal tract and most familiar organism in microbiology important tool for basic bio research Can cause UTI s traveler s diarrhea and sometimes serious foodborne disease Genus Klebsiella commonly found in soil or water Many Genus Proteus swarming type of growth on agar capable of nitrogen fixation Swarmers with many flagella move to edges of colony and revert to normal cells with only a few flagella reduced motility Process of swarming is repeated and colony has distinctive appearance of a series of concentric rings Genus Salmonella almost all pathogenic common in animals human digestive tracts Species S typhicauses typhoid fever often foodborne in poultry Genus Serratia pink stuff that grows in poorly cleaned shower that can cause illness in immunocompromised is S marcescens Species S marcescens In hospitals found on catheters in saline irrigation solutions and other sterile solutions Most common cause of UTI and respiratory infections in hospitals Genus Shigella often foodborne pathogen Only found in humans and can cause life threatening dysentry Genus Yersinia Carried by urban rats and ground squirrels in the American southwest Fleas and respiratory droplets from infected animals can also transmit to humans Species Y pestis caused Bubonic Plague The Black Death of medieval Europe transmitted by fleas on rats Killed 30 60 of Europe s population in 14th century Know what the MMRV vaccine protects against Measles Mumps Rubella and Varicella Know the name of the bacterium that causesnecrotizing fasciitis o Family Streptococcaceae o Streptococcus progenies species causes Scarlet Fever strep throat rheumatic fever necrotizing fasciitis flesh eating aka Group A Streptococcus GAS Know which human tissues the Plasmodium malaria organism passes through in its life cycle Apicomplexa Protozoa Nonmotile intracellular parasites Complex life cycles multiple hosts Plasmodium malaria o Plasmodium vivax most common cause of malaria o Plasmodium falciparum causes most severe form of malaria carriedbymosquito definitive host to human intermediate host o oo Know which viral disease that we discussed has been eradicated by vaccination programs Smallpox Know the differences between a cutaneous subcutaneous or systemic fungal infection Systemic mycoses deep within body Subcutaneous mycoses beneath the skin Cutaneous mycoses affects hair skin and nails Superficial mycoses localized ex hair shafts Opportunistic mycoses caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi attack primarily immunocompromised patients AIDS patients vulnerable Know what an opportunistic infection is any infection caused by a microorganism that does not normally cause Ubiquitous disease in humans occurs in persons with abnormally functioning immune systems as AIDS patients or transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs Most fungi we discussed affect immunocompromised hosts There are a few that affect normal healthy hosts know these Rhizomes Mucor opportunistic pathogens systemic mycoses Aspergillus opportunistic systemic mycoses Ubiquitous Blastomyces dermatitis systemic mycoses endemic in many parts Histoplasma capsulatum systemic mycoses can be inhaled in of US farmers forestry workers etc at risk Unknown bird bat droppings Poultry workers cleaners encountering bat droppings at risk Microsporum Trichophyton cutaneous mycoses Soil animals skin contact Sporothrix subcutaneous mycosis beneath skin Ubiquitous also transmitted through skin lesions Stachybotrys Coccidioides Pneumoncystis systemic mycoses Stachybotrys chartarum greenish black mold that anecdotal evidence suggests was causing health problems but according to the CDC it is no more harmful than other molds but that most molds cause respiratory problems Inhalation yeast infection dangerous Soil bird feces Candida albicans cutaneous mycoses common cause of vaginal Cryptococcus
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