Microbiology Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 11 and Chapters 1 7 and Lecture 12 slide 1 5 and Chapter 8 pp 207 210 There are some exam questions that are not on this list so be sure that you study all the material The things on the list below you absolutely must know Koch s postulates How to test the hypothesis Infectious agent X causes disease Y 1 Agent X must be always present in host s with disease Y and absent in those that do not have disease Infectious agent X must meet 4 criteria Y 2 Must be able to isolate pure culture of agent X 3 4 Agent X can now be re isolated from this new diseased host Introduction of agent X into a new host induces disease Y Be able to convert distances between nanometers nm micrometers um and millimeters mm you can use a calculator for this but it must not be an app in your phone It must be a calculator that does not have networking capability You may not need a calculator the conversions will all be just moving the decimal point based on the conversion factor unaided eye resolution is 0 4 mm 400 um ex 10 nm in um 1000 nm 1um 10nm x 1 um 1000um 0 01 um move decimal left 3 times Know what Pasteur disproved For Quizzes 1 3 know what you missed why you missed it and know the correct answer Spontaneous generation is the hypothesis that living organisms arise from non living matter The alternative hypothesis is that the living organisms arise from preexisting life called biogenesis He disproved spontaneous generation for microbes He created an S shaped flask that kept microbes out but let air in He demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms re psent in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions They contaminate the broth when the flask is open and they fall in but that the air itself does not create microbes HE filled several short necked flasks with beef broth and then boiled their contents Some were then left open and allowed to cool In a few days these flasks wre found to be contaminated with microbes From these results Pasteur reasoned that the microbes in the air were the agents responsible for contaminating nonliving matter Pasteur next placed broth in open ended long necked flasks and bent the necks into S shaped curves Pasteu s unique design allowed air to pass into the flask but the curved neck trapped any airborne The contents of these flasks were boiled nd cooled The broth in the flasks did not decay and showed no signs of life microorganisms that might contaminate the broth Pasteur showed that microorganisms can be presen I nnonliving matter on solids in liquids and in the air Furthermore he demonstrated conclusively that microbial life can be destroyed by heat and that methods can be devise to block the access of airborne microorganisms to nutrient environments Pasteur s work provided evidence that microorganisms cannot originate from mystical forces present in nonliving materials Rather any appearance of spontaneous life in nonliving solutions can be attributed to microorganisms that were already present in the air or in fluids themselves Know the details of the discovery of penicillin Fleming almost tossed out some culture plates that had been contaminated by mold Fortunately he took a second look at he curious patern of growth on the contaminated plates Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic penicillin that killed Staphylococcus aureus Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced Around the mold was a clear area where bacterial growth had been inhibited Fleming was looking at a mold that could inhibit the growth of a bacterium Fleming named the mold s active inhibitor penicillin Thus penicillin is an antibiotic produced by a fungus Know the causes of the emerging infectious diseases we covered in Lecture 2 and know the background we discussed on these infectious agents Know full name and abbreviations Know which are viral bacterial etc Infectious diseases when a pathogen overcomes the host s resistance diseases result Viral Spanish flu o 1918 caused by Influenza virus killed 40 50 million people worldwide Influenza A vrus o primarily in waterfowl and poultry o sustained human to human transmission has not occurred Sever acute respiratory syndrome SARS o SARS associated Coronavirus o occurred in 2002 2003 o person to person tramission Ebola hemorrhagic fever o Ebola virus o Causes fever hemorrhaging and blood clotting o First identified near Ebola River Congo o Outbreaks every few years West Nile virus o Causes encephalitis o First appeared in the West Nile region of Uganda in 1937 o Appeared in NYC in 1999 o In nonmigratory birds in 47 states Human immunodeficiency virus HIV o causes AIDS o first identified in 1981 o worldwide epidemic in 2011 34 million people living with AIDS o almost 35 million have died of AIDS since the virus was identified o Sexually transmitted disease affecting males and females o Also transmitted by nfected blood products and medical equipment o HAART highly active anti retroviral theray saves lives of AIDS patients in developed countries o Nobel prizes of 2008 Prion Bovine spongiform encephalophathy mad cow disease o Prion misfolded protein hat can cause other proteins to misfold by contact o Also causes Creutzfeldt Jakob disese CJD o New variant CJD in humans is related to cattle fed sheep offal for protein Bacterial Escherichi coli o A strain of EHEC Enterohemorrhagic E coli o Toxin producing strain of E coli o First seen in 1982 o Can be spread in contaminated meat o Animals can serve as a reservoir cows are asymptomatic carriers Invasive Group A Streptococcus IGAS o Streptococcus pyogenes o Causes Necrotizing fasciitis flesh eating disease o Can damage huge amounts of tissue Clostridium difficile bacterium can take over o C difficile infection is often fatal o Patients should be isolated can spread through hospitals Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA bacterium o Acquired resistance to multiple antibiotics o Overuse of antibiotics selects for antibiotic resistant strains o 1950s Penicillin resistance developed o 1980s Methicillin resistance o 1990s MRSA also resistant to vancomycin reported VISA vancomycin intermediate resistant S aureus VRSA vancomycin resistant S aureus Protozoal Crystosporidiosis o Often acquired in a health care setting this is called a nosocomial infection o When a patient s normal intestinal bacteria flora is killed by an antibiotic treatment C
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