Chapter 6 Test 2 Learning Objectives 1 What is reliability What is validity Reliability is the level of agreement over multiple ratings consistency Validity is how well the assessment measures what it intends to measure are we actually measuring what we are planning to measure 2 What are the different types of reliability and validity Reliability Interrater the level of agreement between two different raters who evaluated the same client Test retest consistency of score or diagnosis across time We would expect the score to stay the Content comprehensiveness in measuring the topic of interest Measuring everything in that area Discriminant Should not be related to other topics that it is not theoretically related to should same over a short period of time Validity or relevant to that area also are all items relevant to the topic not be related to things you aren t trying to measure on other relevant measures Criterion Related Predictive correlated with future events Concurrent is correlated with an independent set of measures does it predict scores 3 How are reliability and validity related It can be reliable but not valid but for something to be valid it has to be reliable it s not going to be perfect tho because most everything is abstract no test can ever be completely reliable AND valid Tests CANNOT be valid but not reliable It can be reliable but not valid because you can have a group of students that keep getting the same answer but it may not be a valid answer But if you re hitting the bull s eye consistently which means you re valid but you obviously have to be reliable as well 4 What is the purpose of assessment Assessment any type of testing or evaluation Definition and purpose Gather info Conceptualize the problem and suggest a solution Better understand the client Evaluate change and progress Our ability to treat a psychological problem depends on our ability to define the problem so the main goal is to find the problem and assess changes over time Ideally we would have all of these things but that doesn t really happen not all black and white It s about assessing throughout the process not just the beginning 5 What is a referral and how does it impact assessment Referral the reason a person comes in for an assessment the reason they are seeking treatment or the reason they were referred by someone else Referral question a client may say I ve been feeling depressed or a teacher says a student has been acting out in class Not standardized they don t go thru standard protocol it s different for every patient and clinician Depends on the clinicians theoretical orientation they use different tools depending on their orientation 6 What is an interview What are the essentials and techniques that should be kept in mind when conducting an interview An interview is an interaction with a goal in mind ex elicit information beliefs attitudes etc it s not just to chit chat Usually a face to face interaction but could be phone etc Essentials and Techniques Physical Arrangement very important comfortable spacious room neutral and not distracting sometimes a white noise maker to block out the other noise you don t want phones ringing or people coming in the two most important things are privacy and protection from interruption Note taking you can t write everything down because then they ll think they have major issues they won t feel like you are present in the conversation shouldn t do it verbatim so you can still observe the client and can pick up on things they do also if you take verbatim notes you ll have SO much to go thru and that is not efficient Recording you can do it but the client also has to provide consent in order to audio video record Rapport the relationship between the client and clinician 7 What is rapport and why is it important Rapport is the relationship between the client and the clinician you should be attentive clinicians should be accepting genuine understanding and respectful of the client We want the client to trust us and be comfortable with us but you can t be too personal or become friends with your client It is important because then they trust you and they have confidence in you and you need to build a relationship 8 In what ways do interviews differ In structure and purpose structure structured unstructured semi structured purpose whether purpose is to get certain information or the way that you get it determine why the client is seeking services judge whether the agency can meet the client s needs you want to see if you can actually help inform the client about what to expect this is the time to give them the basic information like 9 Know about the 5 different types of interviews Intake admission them or if you need to refer them to a different specialist where to park price what your specialty is etc Case History Gather complete personal and social history Provide context on Family dynamics and medical status Medical prior treatment Education Employment Social networks relationships Religion and culture so you can better understand them You want to know if the client has their own social report 1 General Presentation what are they wearing are they fidgeting or distracted were they 2 Orientation do they know what day it is season time etc 3 Attention and Calculation count down from basic numbers 4 Recall give them three things to remember for later then when later comes you quiz them Mental Status Exam look for the clients emotional and cognizant issues normally not a standardized test cooperative and see how well they recall what is says Ex 1 Take the piece of paper in your right hand 2 Fold it in half 5 Language have clients write out a sentence that you say have them read a sentence and do 6 Complex commands usually 3 steps for them to follow 3 Place it on the ground Crisis Interview midst of a crisis relationship with a clinician Diagnostic Interview reliability Meet problems as they occur and provide an immediate resource interviewing a client in the Deflect the potential for a disaster You not only want to solve the problem but you also want to encourage the person to enter a This usually happens in walk in clinics and telephone hotlines good way to get experience How the clinician arrives at a DSM IV diagnosis Historically unstructured But there are problems because not reliable so can t be valid Researchers have developed structured diagnostic interviews which have a higher rate of SCID I basic interview semi structured scale is 1 2 3 10
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