Pitch the element of music that pertains to the highness and lowness of musical tones MUH2051 Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 4 How Music Works Part II Pitch and is related to frequency Soundwaves all sounds that result from vibrations o Lots of vibrations high frequency o Low vibrations low frequency Pitch names A G is Western music o Sharpening a note makes it a bit higher ex c sharp o Flattening a note makes it a bit lower ex c flat Determinate pitch pitches that work for instruments and voice with one pitch Scale an ascending and or descending series of notes on different pitches Indeterminate pitch instruments that produce more than one pitch o Major produced by white keys of piano only 7 pitches starting with c o Minor only 7 pitches different from major because the interval is smaller between the third and second degrees o Pentatonic has only 5 pitches exists in many countries C D E G A o Blues combines features from all scales starting on C and includes six main pitches uses flat and sharp notes Ranges the different octave registers in which particular instruments and voices perform the range of a tuba is much lower than the range of a flute Melody particular sequence of pitches that identifies a song Harmony a chord that makes sense within the context of its musical style Chapter 5 How Music Works Part III Dynamics Timbre and Instruments Dynamics different tones of music sound like Crescendo tone starts soft than gradually gets louder Decrescendo starts from the crescendo and gradually gets softer Timbre sound quality or tone color what particular notes instruments or voices sound like A tone consists of two types of partials o the fundamental pitch so much louder than the harmonics that is absorbs them o Harmonics the overtones or partials of a tone Chapter 6 How Music Works Part IV Texture and Form Texture musical element defined by the relationships and interactions between the different parts in a musical work or performance Form the element or music that pertains to the large scale dimensions of musical organization Monophonic textures the single line textures that are the simplest type can be many instruments as long as they play in unison Polyphonic textures textures in which there are two or more distinct parts Drone a continuous sustained tone Harmonized textures texture resulting when notes of different pitch occur together to Multiple melody texture texture in which two or more essentially separate melodic lines form chords or harmonies are preformed simultaneously Polyrhythm music in which there are several different parts or layers with each defined mainly by its distinctive rhythmic character rather than by melodies or chords Call and response very important musical process linked to texture Involves back and forth alternation between different instruments or voice parts ex cd 2 7 Repetition and patterns featured in most music is usually exactly repeated but can vary slightly Chapter 8 From Raga to Bollywood Indian Music Barhat growth specifically referring to the musical growth that occurs during a Hindustani raga performance Gharana A musical family or lineage that preserves cultivates and develops a particular tradition of raga performance often over the course of many generations Sufism a mystical form of Islam that has exerted an especially strong influence on Indian culture including music Believes that music is a pathway to the divine ex cd 2 20 Bollywood the largest and most popular Indian film song place located in Mumbai Bhangra major component of contemporary music in bollywood Originally a folk music tradition of the Punjab region now more widely known in its contemporary popular style often featured in Indian Bollywood films Raga In Indian classical music a complete and self contained melodic system that serves as the basis for all melodic materials in any composition or performance created in that raga Tala metric cycle in Indian music Hindustani Raga the raga tradition of North India ex cd 2 23 Ravi Shankar the most famous sitar player from India only India musician to be a household name in the west musical disciple of Baba preformed at Woodstock and taught George Harrison Guru a mentor Baba was guru to Ravi Shankar Tinal 16 beat metric cycle used in Hindustani Raga and other types of North Indian music Sam the first beat of a tala cycle and simultaneously the last beat of the preceding cycle pg 137 A R Rahman music director of Bollywood made music for slumdog millionaire He balances tradition while pushing the limit as well ex cd 3 3 Chapter 7 Indonesian Gamelan Music and Interlocking Rhythms Gamelan means ensemble or orchestra it is used in reference to a diverse class of mainly percussion dominated music ensembles found in Indonesia Gamelan Beleganjur gamelan of walking warriors Balinese processional ensemble consisting of multiple gongs drums and cymbals played in ritualistic contexts and in modern music contest Used in cremation processions ex cd 2 14 Gamelan gong kebyar Best known type of Balinese gamelan Instrumentation features gangsa metallophones gongs of many types sizes and functions drums cymbals and other instruments Associated with virtuosic kebyar musical style ex cd 1 7 Gamelan shared elements they use the same instruments has slow and unpredictable fast parts fades out at the end Unity in diversity Indonesia s national slogan was instituted to provide a framework for the preservation development and nationalization of the countries diverse cultures and cultural traditions Hindu Balinese cosmology the hindu concept on the world is that there are three worlds o Upper world domain of the gods and venerated ancestors o Middle world Bali itself the earthly realm of the Balinese people o Lower world beginning where land meets sea and descending from there is the realm of evil spirits and malevolent creatures Paired tuning the tuning of the pitches of the male and female instruments of a Balinese gamelan to slightly different frequencies striking the same pitch simultaneously on a male female pair creates ombak female instruments of each pair are tuned lower than their male counterparts Ombak means wave refers to the acoustical beating effect generated by instruments with paired tuning in a Balinese gamelan Gong cycle the reoccurring sequence of strokes on different gongs that serves as the music s foundation Melodic layers found in gong cycles has two parts One being a core melody played on a pair of tuned hand held gongs Two being
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