Social Penetration Theory Social Exchange Theory Chap 9 Uncertainty Reduction Theory Chap 10 Relational Dialectics Chap 12 Social Judgment Theory Chap 15 Functional Perspectives on Group Decision Making Chap 18 Symbolic Convergence Chap 19 SPT tearing up the relatioinships Onion analogy represents various aspects of an individual s personality Outer layer represents the public image Central layers represent aspects of the self revealed through self disclosure CHAPTER 9 Social penetration theory SPT Altman and Taylor basic premise Developed to understand the relational closeness between two people Interpersonal relationships evolve gradually and predictably Superficial relationships progress to intimate relationships through self disclosure Self disclosure leads to more intimate relationships and vulnerability Definition the process of bonding that moves a relationship from superficial to more intimate Includes verbal nonverbal and environmentally oriented behaviors Dimensions of intimacy Physical Intellectual Emotional Shared activities Assumptions Relationships progress from non intimate to intimate Relational development is generally systematic and predictable Relational development includes depenetration and dissolution Self disclosure is at the core of relationship development Strategic planned disclosures Nonstrategic spontaneous disclosures Visualizing the relationships Onion analogy represents various aspects of an individual s personality Outer layer represents the public image Central layers represent aspects of the self revealed through self disclosure diagram on next page Key term Reciprocity refers to the process whereby one person s openness leads to another s openness Key term Self disclosure The greater the depth of disclosure the greater the feeling of vulnerability Self disclosure in relationships is a result of trust Too much inappropriate disclosure may result in relationship dissolution Dimensions of Self Disclosure Breadth Depth As relationships move toward intimacy the breadth and depth of disclosure increases A Social Exchange Relational Costs and Rewards Relationships can be viewed as the exchange of rewards and costs A reward cost ratio is calculated and analyzed to determine if a relationship is more positive or negative See Social Exchange Theory stages of SPT Stage 1 Orientation Reveal small parts of ourselves Public level Communication is superficial Norms of appropriateness are followed Stage 2 Exploratory Affective Exchange Aspects of one s personality emerge Some private aspects become public More spontaneous communication More nonverbal communication Common with casual acquaintances Stage 3 Affective Exchange Spontaneous and comfortable communication Individuals make quick decisions about communication Personal idioms used Positive and negative exchanges are possible Common between close friends and intimate partners Stage 4 Stable Exchange Complete openness and spontaneity Partners are highly intimate and synchronized Fewer misinterpretations Distinctive relationship qualities emerge Common in few relationships Summary strengths of SPT Useful and versatile application to a variety of contexts Heuristic spawned hundreds of studies Parsimonious simple and straightforward criticisms Scope Self disclosure is too narrowly interpreted Derlega et al 1993 View of relationship development is too linear Knapp Vangelisti 2005 A relationship is more than self disclosure Baxter Sahlstein 2000 View of relationship disengagement is too linear Baxter 1984 Rewards Costs Value of CHAPTER 9 Social exchange theory SET Thibaut Kelly People review and weigh their relationships in terms of costs and rewards Premise a relationship Context indicates if a factor is a reward or cost intro All relationships require some time and effort from the parties involved e g Relationship development duration over time give and take Worth of a relationship predicts its outcome Marketplace metaphor and social exchange Sabatelli Shehan 1993 assumptions about human nature Humans seek rewards and avoid punishments Humans are rational beings The standards that humans use to evaluate costs and rewards vary over time and from person to person i e we evaluate each other differently and those evaluations differ over time assumptions about nature of relationships Relationships are interdependent Game Theory a theory of competition stated in terms of gains and losses among opposing players The Prisoner s Dilemma in game theory A situation in which two players each have two options whose outcome depends crucially on the simultaneous choice made by the other often formulated in terms of two prisoners separately deciding whether to confess to a crime even though it would benefit both to cooperate they might not Relational life is a process interactional and transactional evaluation of relationships standards of comparison outcome perceived rewards minus the costs of interpersonal interaction CL comparison level threshold above which an interpersonal outcome seems attractive a standard for relational satisfaction happy sad what we expect deserve based on previous experiences CLalt CL of alternatives the best outcome available in other relationships a standard for relational stability i e What can other relationships give me being alone compared to my current situation I know the powerpoint says CL is for stability but this is straight from the textbook pg 118 119 How Outcome CL and CLalt Affect the State of a Relationship diagram examples Outcome CL CLalt Satisfying Stable If my current relationship outcome is more rewarding than what I feel I deserve in relationships CL and my current relationship outcome is more rewarding than alternative relationships or being alone CLalt then I m in a satisfying stable relationship CL CLalt Outcome Unsatisfying Unstable If my profit what I am getting now outcome is less rewarding than what I feel I deserve expect CL and my outcome is less rewarding than my alternative relationships or being alone CLalt then I m in an unsatisfying unstable relationship Exchange Patterns show the interdependence of the relational partnership People adjust their behaviors in a relationship Adjustments are partly dependent on the other relational partner i e social exchange 3 forms of social exchanges Direct exchange an exchange where two people reciprocate costs and rewards eventually back scratching Generalized exchange reciprocation involves the social network and isn t
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