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Contemporary Human CommunicationExam 4 Study Guide- The basics: Review information from exam one- Definition(s) of Communication—o E. Griffin: The relational process of creating and interpreting messages that elicit a response.o West and Turner: A social process in which individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment - Models of Communication- Linear: o Shannon and Weaver “telephone”o Source---Message---Channel—Receiver o Assumes only one message in the communication processo Overly simple (feedback is missing)Interactionalo Schramm modelo Two way communication processo Communication is ongoing (process) but no simultaneous roles (source/receiver): one can be a sender OR receiver, not botho Feedback is a key elemento Field of Experience: there is an overlap of the sender’s and receiver’s culture, experience, and heredity in communicationTransactionalo Barnlundo Simultaneous sender and receiver roles due to feedbacko Mutual responsibility to meaning (S and R)o Communication influenced by past experienceso Interdependency of messages- each builds on and effects the next messageo Dance (Helix) modelo Most accepted contemporary model- Components of communication o Source: transmits/encodes the messageo Encoding: the process of taking an already conceived idea and getting it ready for transmissiono Message: the stimulus that the source transmits to the receivero Channel: means by which the message is conveyedo Receiver: decodes the messageo Decoding: the process of taking the stimuli that have been received and giving them meaning through individual interpretation and perceptiono Noise: anything not intended by the information source. It inhibits the receiver’s accurate reception of the message Types of Noise: semantic, physical/external, psychological, physiological- Definition of theory- theories describe, predict, and explain human thought and behavioro E. Griffin- A set of systematic informed hunches about the way things operate o West and Turner- abstract system of concepts and their relationships that help us to understand aphenomenon1Evaluating theory - Scope:o breadth of communication behaviors covered by the theoryo Theories can be broad or narrow- some have expanded over time - Heurism:o Amount of research and new thinking that the theory generateso Launches new and interesting ways of viewing the world - Test of time: o still relevant over time/ still applied in research - Utility: o Offer practical advice o Useful/able to be applied to some context - Testability: o Test why it is or is not valid o Investigate theory’s accuracy and ability to prove false - Parsimony:o Relative simplicity o Should not be overly cumbersome to understand or to useo Use fewest number of terms necessary to explain the communication phenomenon Objective Approacho “Social scientists” o The assumption that truth is singular and is accessible through unbiased sensory observationo Committed to uncovering cause-and-effect relationshipsInterpretive Approacho “Interpretive scholars”- concerned with meaning and reflect a range of ideological and methodological positions. o The linguistic work of assigning meaning or value to communicative textso Assumes that multiple meanings or truths are possible. Distinguishing between the two- Epistemology: study of origin, nature, method and limits of knowledge (aka how we know what we know)Objective InterpretiveTruth= singular- not dependent on local conditions Truth is socially constructed through communication Good theories are reflective of nature Social reality is always in flux Good theories represent reality Knowledge is viewed through a particular standpoint Truth is objective Truth is subjective - Determinism- assumption that behavior is caused by hereditary and environment Objective InterpretiveDeterminism Human choice 2Human behavior in casual terms and in terms of prior stimulus Human behavior in terms of conscious intent - Emancipation- liberation from any form of political, economic, racial, religious, or sexual oppression; empowerment Objective (effectiveness) Interpretive (participation) Use of objective tests in order to find the “truth”- personal values set aside in finding thetruthBrings own values into interpretation of text Seeks empirical evidence for claims Seek to liberate people from oppressionSuggest ways to validate ideas and claims Oppose detached stance of social scientists Believe the evidence should speak for itself Insist that knowledge is never neutral Seven Traditions1. Socio-Psychological: (interpersonal interaction and influence)Most objective- scientific perspective - Main focus: relationships and persuasion - Absolute truths - Truth can be discovered by systematic observation- Look for cause/ effect relationships- Effects founding father: Carl Hovland Yale Studies: studied communication stimuli, audience predisposition, and opinion change- 3 causes of persuasive variation: o Who—the source of the message.o What—the content of the message.o Whom—the audience characteristics.- source credibility is vital to opinion shift. Two Types: expertness and character.o Expertness was more important for boosting opinion change, but its effect didn’t last.2. Cybernetic tradition: (info processing) - Cybernetics: field of artificial intelligence - Way feedback makes info processing possible in our heads and on our computers - Communication is the link separating the separate parts of any system- Shannon: established the idea of communication as information processing- Goal: establish maximal line capacity with minimum distortion- Defined information as the reduction of uncertainty- The less predictable a message, the more information it carries- Noise reduces the information-carrying capacity of the channel- Regarded communication as the science of balancing predictability and uncertainty33. Rhetorical tradition (artful public address)- Speech distinguishes humans from animals - Public address is a better problem solver than rule by decree or force - Public speaking is essentially one way communication- intention to persuade - Oratorical training= cornerstone of a leaders education- Language should have the ability to move emotionally and stir then to action- Oratory (as persuasion) is a male territory 4. Semiotic tradition (sharing meaning through signs)- Semiotics= study of signs- Words are a special kind of sign known as a


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FSU SPC 3210 - Exam 4

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