CHAPTER 1 Communication A social process in which individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment Social the notion that people and interactions are part of the communication process Process ongoing dynamic and unending occurrence Symbol concrete symbols represent objects abstract symbols represent ideas or thoughts Concrete An avatar of yourself Abstract The notion of love Meaning What people extract from a message Environment situation or context in which communication occurs time place historical period relationship cultural background of speaker listener Palo Alto Team group of scholars who believed that a person cannot NOT communicate eye contact etc Models simplified representations of the communication process Linear model of communication one way view of communication that assumes a message is sent by a source to a receiver through a channel Source originator of a message Message words sounds actions or gestures in an interaction Receiver recipient of a message Channel pathway to communication Correspond with visual tactile olfactory and auditory senses Ex You use the visual channel when you see your roommate and use the tactile when you hug your mom Noise distortion in channel not intended by the source Semantic linguistic influences on reception of message pertains to slang jargon or specialized language used by individuals or groups ex Medical report says papillary conjunctival changes outside of medical communication these words have no meaning really Physical external bodily influences on reception of message exists outside the receiver Psychological cognitive influences on reception of message refers to a communicators prejudices biases and predispositions toward another or the message you may experience psychological noise if youre listening to the views of a politician who you do not support and you may be experiencing physical noise from the people nearby who may be protesting the politicians presence Physiological biological influences on reception of message exists if you or a speaker is ill fatigued or hungry Interactional model of communication two way communication process between communicators communication goes in two directions from sender to receiver and from receiver to sender Communication is ongoing View of communication as the sharing of meaning with feedback that links source and receiver Feedback response to a message communication given to the source by the receiver to indicate understanding can be verbal or nonverbal intentional or unintentional Field of experiences how a person s culture and experiences influence his or her ability to communicate with another Overlap of senders and receivers culture experiences and heredity in communication Transactional model of communication view of communication as the simultaneous sending and receiving of messages The process is cooperative sender and receiver are mutually responsible for the effect of communication Communication as a transaction Considers the simultaneous nature of communication Messages influence each other Looks at both verbal and nonverbal elements of a message Ethics perceived rightness or wrongness of an action or behavior The way we ought to live Socrates Every action and choice is thought to aim at some good and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim Aristotle Modern philosophers see the study of ethics primarily as a search for the basic criteria by which we can identify right action Brickhouse and Smith Ethics is best seen as a rational inquiry into the fundamental questions about value justice dignity obligation and the proper ends of human life the big meaningful questions in life Frederik Kaufman We condemn communication that degrades individual and humanity We are committed to the courageous expression of personal convictions in pursuit of fairness and justice We advocate sharing information opinions and feelings while also respecting privacy and confidentiality We accept responsibility for the short and long term consequences of our own communication and expect the same of others Ethics in business industry religion faith entertainment higher education medicine politics technology Why we care about theory Fosters critical thinking skills Aids in understanding the scope of Research Helps us understand life experiences essential to becoming aware of who we are and how we function in the world CHAPTER 2 Traditions in the field Robert Craig believed that separating the study of theory into different traditions categories would help us understand the complex nature of theory development It is important to note that these traditions are not steadfast they change just as the field changes many theories often cross over traditions or are not easily categorized rhetorical tradition talk as a practical art Focuses on most types of public speaking or public address and their roles in society Can also include any elements that relate to language and the audience Some topics within the rhetorical tradition persuasion in public address the effect of emotion on audiences how audiences are influenced by mass media appeals Semiotic Tradition rethinking what is natural Deals with the study of signs and their role in society the primary focus is on meaning making Meaning is achieved when a common language is created and shared among the people Some topics within the Semiotic Tradition how words change as the people using them change the multiple meanings associated with words and how they come about Ex an adult crying at a funeral is a SIGN of sadness Phenomenological Tradition experiencing otherness Looks at a message or communicative situation from a personal perspective Works to eliminate biases or personal beliefs to uncover the authenticity of a message or dialogue Some topics within the Phenomenological Tradition how people from different backgrounds or ethnicities interpret a message how gender impacts communicative style a personal interpretation of everyday life and activities Cybernetic Tradition information processing Considers the study of communication as an information science Looks at the broader systematic nature of communication as a process and focuses on elements within that process Some topics within the Cybernetic Tradition how noise interferes with message understanding processing how technical ability influences communication in computer mediated situations Socio Psychological Tradition
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