SPC3210 EXAM 1 Study Guide 1 Communication a social process in which individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment KEY TERMS Social No beginning end nothing can be taken back once said does not require 2 people Symbol Concrete symbols represent objects Abstract symbols represent ideas thoughts Meaning Adaptive how we make sense of messages Environment Impacts message making and meaning cultural difference effects impact Process Sending and receiving messages simultaneously Source Receiver Source Message Receiver Channel The senses when one is closed you miss some of the message but another channel becomes more sensitive o Technological channels Noise o Semantic lack of understanding o Physical o Physiological o Psychological EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE Connects action with consequence 60 90 of com non verbal Credibility has 4 tenants 1 Expertise 2 Trustworthiness 3 Charisma 4 Ethics COMMUNICATION MODELS INTERACTION vulnerability TRANSACTION Circular communication speaker and listener are one and the same o Feedback people should be coachable o Field of experience Common understanding Fluidity of conversation Allow Considers the simultaneous nature of communication Messages influence each other Looks at both verbal and nonverbal elements of a message IMPORTANCE OF THEORY Fosters critical thinking skills Aids in understanding the scope of research Helps us understand life experiences Essential to becoming aware of who we are and how we function in the world ETHICS communication Ethics create a framework in which to make decisions about ethical behavior We advocate truthfulness accuracy honesty and reason as essential to the integrity of We endorse the freedom of expression diversity of perspective and tolerance of dissent We strive to understand and respect other communicators We promote access to communication resources and opportunities We promote communication climates of caring and mutual understanding 2 TRADITIONS RHETORICAL Robert Craig Separation of theories into different traditions to make it easier to understand even though these theories are not fixed and can cross over multiple traditions Public Speaking and elements that relate to language and the audience Some topics within the rhetorical tradition Persuasion in public address Effect of emotion on audiences The way the audiences are influenced by mass Media appeals SEMIOTIC Study of signs and their role in society Focused on meaning making Meaning is achieved when a language is created shared among the people Some topics within the Semiotic Tradition How words change as the people using them change Multiple meanings associated with words and how they arise PHENOMENOLOGICAL Looks at a message or communicative situation from a personal perspective Works to eliminate biases or personal beliefs to uncover the authenticity of a message or dialogue Some topics within the Phenomenological Tradition Message interpretation with differing cultural backgrounds Gender impact on communicative style CYBERNETIC Considers the study of communication as an information science Communication as broad systematic process Focus on elements in process Some topics within the Cybernetic Tradition How noise interferes with message understanding processing Influence of technical ability in computer mediated situations SOCIO PSYCHOLOGICAL Seeks to understand the causes of behavior as a result of communication Relationships between variables and how those variables differ based on the individual or situation Some topics within the Socio Psychological Tradition How message construction influences recall of a message How entertainment choice influences mood 3 SOCIO CULTURAL Existing shared culture social structures influence communication Co creation of social reality to encourage individual points of view Some topics within the Socio Cultural Tradition Breaking established patterns to highlight individual experience EX Studying the development of cliques in school CRITICAL Focuses on the current social order in society and how it negatively impacts society Seeks to expose the underlying beliefs and values within a society that impact decision making and actions Some topics within the Critical Tradition Impact of consolidation of media ownership on entertainment choices Environment are used to drive consumerism CONTEXTS IN COMMUNICATION A context is the environment in which some type of communication takes place Contexts are limited by several factors The number of people involved The space between those people The type of feedback available The channels of communication that exist within the environment TYPES IntRApersonal communication with oneself o How we make sense of ourselves and our actions IntERpersonal communication with another person o How we form and maintain relationships with others Small Group Communication with more than one person 3 5 o How a small group forms and functions Organizational Communication in and among a larger often extended environment o How an organization functions as an entity and the variety of relationships and types of communication that occurs within Public Rhetorical Communication to a large group or audience usually in person o Usually involves speechmaking or dissemination of a specific type of message from one to many Mass Media Communication to a large audience through some type of mediated format o Television radio internet newspaper Cultural communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are different o This type of communication does not necessarily mean different countries for example people from different parts of the U S have different backgrounds THEORY An abstract system of concepts that uses relationship explain a phenomenon Important to consider LEVEL OF GENERALTIY Explains how broadly a theory can be applied Grand Theories attempt to explain all of a phenomenon such as communication as a Mid range Theories attempt to explain a particular aspect of communication such as whole communication in a group Narrow Theories attempt to explain a limited aspect of communication that often occurs at a specific time or in a specific place 4 COMPONENTS OF THEORY Concepts words or terms that label the most important aspects of a theory Concepts may be nominal or real o Nominal concepts explain things that may not be observable o Real concepts explain things that are directly observable Relationships the ways in which the concepts of a theory relate GOALS OF THEORY
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