Study Guide Exam #3Vocab/Dates/People/Theories- NAATS- National association of academic teachers of public speakingo Today: National Communications association o 1914o FSU English Department- Communication: ““A systematic process in which individuals interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meaning.”o Process, systemic, symbols and meaningo Wood- Impacts of communication: Professional, personal, relational and cultural - Major areas of study in communication: Intrapersonal, interpersonal, public communication, group/team, media and new technology, organizational- Symbols: “Represent, stand for, other things, but they are not the things for which they stand”- Determinism: Human behavior that is governed by forces beyond our control - Free will: Belief that humans have free will and that they make choices about how to act. (Ontological)- Ontology: Assumptions about human natureo Free Will- Epistemology: the branch of philosophy that deals with knowledge. o How do we know what we know?- Building Blocks for theory: Epistemologyo Knowledge- Quantitative methods: Descriptive statistics, surveys, experimentso Making sense of numbers- Qualitative Methods: textual analysis, ethnography, critical scholarshipo Making sense of their own communication experience - Difference between the two:o Qualitative: how people perceive and make sense of their communication experience Interpreting meanings and other unobservable dimensionso Quantitative: Interpreting he data to make sense of arguments about what the numbers reveal Making arguments about what the numbers mean about communication behaviors and relationships- Symbolic Interactionism: theory devised by mead that states that symbols are the foundation for personal and social life. o Mind, self, society- Narrative Paradigm: We sense our experiences in life by transforming theminto stories and narrative forms. o Walter Fisher: “We are all natural storytellers”o Narration: Symbolic actions that have sequence and meaning for those who live, create, or interpret them- Narrative Rationality: How we assess the quality of a story Coherence and fidelity o Coherence: How much sense does the story make? Believable?o Fidelity: the extent to which the story relates with our own experiences and values We find stories believable when they relate to our own experiences- Pentad: a tool that provides a structure for analyzing human actionso Reveals: “effectiveness of the work, the motive of the speaker and the philosophy of operation”o Burke’s pentad ^- Principles of determinism: Help explain why things happen the way they doo Symbolic Inducement o Criticism: Act, actor, agency, scene and purpose- Dramaturgy: Concerned with performance in every day life o Goffman: believes that bodily actions are used performatively to make impressions on individuals and to sustain an image they’re trying to protect- Dramaturgical model: o Frames- models we rely on to make sense of experience (Defines situations)o Impression Management: Process of managing setting, words, dress etc- Ethnography: a method of interpreting actions that generates understanding in terms of those performing the actions - General System’s theory: States that forms are organized wholes that seek to sustain themselves. - Dialectical theory: asserts that in any relationship there are inherent tensions between contradictory impulses, or dialecticso Leslie Baxter- tested this theory- Dialectics: Contradictory or opposing tensions o 3 major dialectical tensions: Integration/separation Stability/change Expression/privacyo Responses to dialectics: Selection, separation, naturalizing, reframing- Uncertainty theory: the main goal of interaction is to reduce the amount of uncertainty about the other person’s thoughtso Laws approacho More deterministic- Social Exchange Theory: Asserts that people try to maximize rewards and minimize costs in relationshipso Aim: People seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs in relationshipso 4 major criticisms: Little Heuristic value Not testable Not supported by research Inappropriate for humanso Comparison Levels: A subjective standard for what we expect in a particular type of relationship Based on personal past and current relationship CL reflects the whole of our experiences in relationships, combined with our knowledge- Social Penetration Model: “to develop a personal relationship, people penetrate the outside layers, middle layers, interior layer and finally reach the inner core of the self-concept. o Irwin Altman and Dallas Taylor Onion peeling example “peeling back the layers”- Perception and second generation developmental theories: Relationships are defined and guided by individuals perceptionso Honeycutt- Relational Development and Dissolution Model: Woodo Steps to making sense of a relationship- Relational Trajectories: personal understandings of various tracks in relationships- Turning points: key relational events or feelings that you perceive as marketing changes in the direction or intensity of a relationship. - Technological Determinism: Technology, specially media, shapes how individuals think, feel, and act and how societies organize themselves and operateo McLuhano “Some single cause or phenomenon determines other aspects of life- The Four Epochs:o Tribal Epoch Face-to-face interactions- Defined by oral traditions (oral cultures-stories-passed down)o Literate Epoch Began with the invention of the alphabeto Print Epoch Began with the invention of the printing presso Electronic Epoch First form was the telegraph People would communicate over great distances This epoch created a global villageo Cultivation Theory: Theory about television George Gerner “TV cultivates a view of the world that is inaccurate but that webelieve” “Watching TV promotes distorted views on life- Mean World Syndrome: A belief that the world is a dangerous place full of people who cannot be trusted and are likely to harm us- Axiom: a statement that is presumed to be true on its face and therefore doesnot require proof or explanation. - Ranking theories: top 5?1) Symbolic Interactionism: theory devised by mead that states that symbols are the foundation for personal and social life. Theorist: o Kenneth Burke- Dramatism o Media Ecology- Marshall Mcluhano Narrative Paradigm- Walter Fishero Social Penetration Theory- Irwin Altman & Dalmas Tayloro Symbolic
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