Chapters 7 11 7 11 Manufactured Fibers What is a manufactured fiber What was the first synthetic fiber fiber Nylon Derived from a process of manufacture from any substance which is not a How does the production of manufactured synthetic fibers differ from regenerated fibers Regenerated fibers are produced from natural substances containing cellulose and are treated with chemicals to produce a fiber while manufactured synthetic fibers are the result of two chemicals reacting to form new polymers that don t exist in nature What are the steps to produce a manufactured fiber Develop the solution dope Extrude through a spinneret Coagulate or solidify the fiber Draw the fiber What is the most widely used manufactured fiber Polyester What are some end uses of polyester other than clothing Seat belts carpets insulation tarps industrial hoses etc How do the three ways of creating manufactured fibers differ from each other dry spinning wet spinning melt spinning Which one uses the fewest chemicals After the fibers are dissolved in chemicals they are either extruded into warm air dry spinning extruded into a chemical bath wet spinning or extruded into cold air melt spinning Dry spinning uses the fewest chemicals What is drawing fiber What does it accomplish Stretching to attenuate the fibers and orient the polymers What fiber is made from corn How does it differ from regenerated cellulose fibers Sorona doesn t need additional chemical treatments when blended with other natural or synthetic fibers for colorfastness wicking and stain and wrinkle resistance Know the unique properties and end uses for Nylon strong resilient low medium resistance to sunlight Aramid Polyester very oleophilic and hydrophobic easy care Acrylics low specific gravity natural crimp good insulator excellent resistance to sunlight Olefin low specific gravity low melting point non absorbent good wicking properties Spandex can stretch up to 500 times its length and recover lightweight amorphous in relaxed state What are elastomeric fibers returns to its original shape Fibers containing elastomer a material that elongates stretches and What is special about the structure of spandex that allows it to stretch easily and be very strong It can stretch easily because it is amorphous in its relaxed state and is strong when stretched because the molecules align and form hard spots hydrogen bonds that prevent the fiber from breaking What are some of the end uses of spandex Clothing 12 High performance Specialty fibers What are some of the special properties of high performance textiles Super strong heat resistant biodegradability or microbial resistance If these textiles are so good why don t they replace normal textiles on an everyday basis It is expensive to manufacture these types of fibers How can glass fibers transmit information Electrical signals are converted into light which can be transmitted by the fiber The light can then be converted back into an electrical signal What functions can smart fibers serve Ex Absorbs and stores body heat and releases as needed Chapter 13 What is the difference between staple spun yarns and filament yarns Staple made from staple length fibers short and need to be held together Filament long continuous strands of fiber made from manufactured by some means to form yarn fibers or silk filament What is the difference between monofilament and multifilament yarns Monofilament one single strand of fiber Multifilament two or more strands of fiber Know what an S and a Z twist are S twist the diagonal of the twist goes from bottom right to upper left Z twist the diagonal of the twist goes from bottom left to upper right What is a plied yarn If the original single yarns are spun Z what direction does the ply twist need to be Plied yarns are made by twisting together two or more single yarns If the original single yarns are spun Z the ply twist is spun S If you take two or more plied yarns and ply them together again what is the new yarn structure called What would the final plying direction be The new structure is a Cord yarn The final plying direction would be the same as the original single yarns Know the difference between simple plain yarns and fancy novelty yarns Simple yarns that are fairly smooth and uniform along their shaft Fancy yarns that have unlike parts and that are irregular at regular intervals Know the difference between these novelty yarns corkscrew boucle chenille slub Corkscrew two plies one soft and heavy the other fine may differ in color Boucle closed loops at regular intervals subject to snagging Chenille made by cutting a specially woven ladderlike fabric into warpwise stripes has a caterpillar effect Slub either ply or single yarns of staple fiber thick and thin yarn made by either varying the amount of twist or by incorporating soft thick elongated tufts of fibers What is the difference between covered and corespun yarns Covered core of one yarn is completely covered with another yarn center core may ad strength and elasticity Core spun center core is covered with a wrapping of fiber instead of spun yarn Know the effect of the amount of twist on yarn low high crepe Low larger in diameter some fibers protrude from surface less resilient High more firm smaller in diameter smoother resilient more soil resistant Crepe extremely high twists usually starts to kink which creates a yarn that resistant to snagging and abrasion doesn t have a smooth surface Know the difference between the direct and indirect methods of measuring the size of yarn What is denier What is a yarn count Direct the higher the the bigger the yarn fixed length of yarn is weighed Indirect used for all spun fibers yarn count inversely proportional to weight higher the number smaller the yarn Denier weight in grams of 9000 meters of yarn Yarn count the of hanks of yarn to make a pound or kilogram of yarn Chapter 14 Manufacturing Yarns What is a texturized filament yarn How is it done What are the advantages of texturized yarns Filaments that are tangled into loops less expensive than cutting and spinning treated with processes that use heat setting or mechanical entangling of fibers to alter their bulk texture and stretch Adds bulk resiliency softness and provides stretch What is the difference between carding and combing fibers Which is more expensive Why Carding fibers are not fully aligned in the same parallel direction therefore carded yarns are slightly rough Combing fibers are aligned using a fine toothed