MCB 2004 Quiz 3 Microbiology For The Health Services Spring 2012 Name Date Explain microbiota microflora or microbiome Explain opportunistic infections On your skin and in internal organs o Nose and throat eyes mouth skin large intestine urinary and reproductive systems Normal Microbiota protect the host by o Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy o Producing acids o Producing bacteriocins Only cause disease in certain conditions opportunistic infections Newborn colonized by microbes right away We need the normal microbiota in our bodies involved in defending from bacteria Normal Microbiota Permanently colonize the host Transient microbiota colonize for days weeks or months Symbiotic relationship mutualism commensalism parasitism Use examples to explain common symbiotic relationships between microbes and their host commensalism mutualism and parasitism Commensalism only one benefits other is not harmed most microbes in Mutualism Both host and parasite could benefit from each other hermit Parasitism host is harmed microbes take advantage virus Explain Koch postulates and the exceptions a Used the prove the cause of an infectious disease The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease The pathogen must be isolated from the disease host and grown in pure our body crab culture The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is isolated into a healthy susceptible laboratory animal The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism Exceptions Some microbes has unique culture requirements the bacterium causing syphilis has never been cultured on artificial media Sometimes several different pathogens cause the same signs and symptoms Some pathogens cause several different disease conditions Pathogens that cause disease in humans and no other known host AIDS Some take years to develop HPV takes years to cause cancer due to mutations that must take place Use examples to explain common reservoir of infection Reservoir of infection continual source of the disease organisms living organism or inanimate object that provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival MCB 2004 Quiz 3 Microbiology For The Health Services Spring 2012 Name Date and multiplication and an opportunity for transmission human animal or nonliving Human Reservoirs can harbor pathogens and transmit to others Carriers have unapparent infections for which no signs or symptoms are ever exhibited Play an important role in the spread of diseases such as AIDs diphtheria typhoid fever hepatitis gonorrhea amoebic dysentery and streptococcal infections Animal Reservoirs Both wild and domestic Diseases transmitted from animals to humans called zoonoses o Rabies lyme disease o Direct contact with infected animal o Directed contact with domestic animal waste o Contamination of food and water o By air hides fur or feathers o Infected animal products food o Insect vectors Nonliving Reservoirs Soil and water o Fungi ringworm o Gastrointestinal diseases o Botulism tetanus Food that has been improperly stored or prepared salmonella 5 Use examples to explain the common means of transmission of infectious diseases Three principal routes contact vehicles vectors Contact the spread of agent of disease by direct contact indirect contact or droplet transmission o Direct person to person physical contact between the source and a susceptible host no intermediate object Touching kissing sexual intercourse Respiratory tract infections staph infections hepatitis A measles scarlet fever STIs AIDS o Indirect when the agent if disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of a nonliving object fomite Tissues towels bedding drinking cups toys money o Droplet microbes are present in droplet nuclei that travel only short contaminated syringes AIDS Tetanus distances Coughing sneezing laughing talking Not regarded as airborne Influenza pneumonia pertussis MCB 2004 Quiz 3 Microbiology For The Health Services Spring 2012 Name Date Vehicles transmission by an inanimate reservoir o Water food air o Blood other body fluids drugs o Waterborne untreated or poorly treated sewage o Foodborne incompletely cooked poorly refrigerated unsanitary Cholera conditions Food poisoning tapeworm o Airborne droplet nuclei in dust more than 1 meter Discharged from mouth and nose Measles tuberculosis Dust particles fungi spores Vectors animals that carry pathogens from one host to another o Arthropods o Mechanical transmission passive transport of the pathogen on the insect s feet or other body parts Contacts with host s food Houseflies Typhoid fever dysentery o Biological Transmission an active process Arthropod bites and infected person or animal and ingests some of infected blood fleas ticks mosquitoes Pathogens reproduce in the vector and increase the number of pathogens Some parasites reproduce in gut of arthropod passed with feces Defecates or vomit while biting potential host parasite can enter wound If parasites migrate to salivary glands of arthropod and directly injected into bite 6 Describe the contributions of John Snow Ignaz Semmelweis and Florence Nightingale to epidemiology Epidemiology science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations o Relationship between human and agent o Epidemics o Occurrence distribution control and prevention John Snow mapped the occurrence of cholera in London o Concluded that contaminated water from the Broad Street pump was the source of the epidemic Ignas Semmelweis showed that hand washing decreased the incidence of perpetual fever o Mortality rate of babies delivered by medical students who had spent their morning dissecting cadavers MCB 2004 Quiz 3 Microbiology For The Health Services Spring 2012 Name Date o Dropped mortality rate from 13 18 to under 2 Florence Nightingale Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus o English civilian and military populations 7 What is nosocomial infection What are the main factors contribute to such infections What are the common types of nosocomial infection What are the common medical procedures that cause nosocomial infection How nosocomial infection can be prevented Nosocomial infection infection that does not show any evidence of being present or incubating at the time of admission to the hospital acquired as result of hospital stay 5 15 of all patients aquire 8th leading cause of death Result from
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