Media, Sports and Society- Start for Exam #2 • (Media) sports fanship• “Benefits” of sports fanship• Community aspect • Competitive aspect• Satisfaction “feeling good”- emotion lift/joy• Social aspect- self presentation/atmosphere• Escape from reality- diversion • Multidimensional: emotional, cognitive, behavioral/social • On a basic human level: We have evolutionary and psychological needs that are met through group identification • “Sea turtles”• Sports fanship leads to group identification• Group Identification: An acquired, cognitive response within a person (experienced emotionally) wherein some of the attributes, motives, characteristics, and affective states of another become part of the person’s psychological organization, such that s/he reacts to the events occurring to the other as if they occurred to him/her• Humans HAVE to connect with other people • What are those needs that lead us to seek-out group identification? • Belonging and affiliation • Feel a part of a distinctive group • Self-image and terror management • When our self esteem is low, leads to thoughts of ourown mortality • Group Identification Improves Self-Esteem • But how do sports meet these needs? • Another form of group identification: Team identification • Team Identification: extent to which (1) a person feels a psychological connection to a team/athlete and (2) the performances by the team/athlete are viewed as self-relevant. • How do we come to “acquire” group/team identification through sports? • Socialization- “The process of learning to live in and understand a culture by internalization its valued beliefs and norms.”• Four main Socializing agent: • Family• School • Friend/Peers• Community in which we’re raised • Greatly influenced by family, school, friends/peers, and community. (Those around you)• But why particular teams/athletes? • 3 main reasons: Psychological, environmental, and team- related • Psychological: • Need for belonging, desire to be part of a distinctive group, self-esteem, idiosyncratic self-selection (basic physiological needs that lead us to like teams. • Ex: little boy on the playground that convinced people to like that team. • Environmental: • GREATEST INFLUENCE ON US • Family/friends• Single greatest influence: #1 isFATHER• BROTHER is next • Geographic location• Repeated exposure through media• Direct contact with an athlete • We see teams being like us • Stadium • Team related • Team performance• Reputation of the Organization • Player/team perceived to be similar to fan• Hated Rival • Why are we fans of particular teams?• Sports Viewing appeal and effects• ENJOYMENT! (Feeling of pleasure)• Participants, competitors, and outcome• Emotional Affiliation: Happier when team wins if you’re a huge fan over someone who’s indifferent. • Max Enjoyment: Team you love wins over team you hate.• Max Disappointment: Opposite • Disposition theory of sports spectatorship- tries todefine and explain the process of enjoying a LIVE sporting event. • Theory suggests TWO major factors: • Teams/participants involved-emotional connections (disposition)• If they win or not (THE OUTCOME)• We seek out sports from enjoyment. • We feel for the teams- Identification/Group Psychological connection • The only way to feel that joy isthrough identification• Enjoyment is on a “continuum”- disappointment out of this world pleasure • Emotional Responses: Appeal of sports- arousal, self-esteem and escape• Arousal: Change in psychological response to stimuli (nervous system)• Ex: Biking and car almost hits you- get nervous• Sports can change central nervous system• Game gets really tight- fast heart rate, anxious• Same hormone as sexual desire• Sports influences our bodies- 12 like that feeling• Rollercoaster: Up and down, scoring and leading• Announcers: Say competitors hate each other- more intense than announcer saying competitors are friends. • Self esteem-• Birging- Basking in Reflective Glory**• Escape- escape boredom/stressSports viewing appeal and effects• Cognitive appeal of sports• Learning • Aesthetics• Behavioral appeal of sports:• Release- cheering, yelling, hyped up• Companionship and group affiliation• Family• Economics- bet on How do Sports get on TV?• Must have the right to air it• Four MAJOR ways networks get the rights• Purchase them : rights contracts• Rights contracts:• Overwhelmingly, most common model• Network pays contracted amount to the owners/organizers for exclusive rights to a set number of games/events over a set period of time. • Ex: of owners/organizers: NFL, NBA,IOC (International Olympic committee) Augusta National Golf League (The Masters)• Networks hope to recoup cost throughadvertising. • These days, broadcasting rights often include digital media. • Pros/cons of this model? • Share them- partnerships/revenue, sharing• No contracted amount• Initial production and promotion covered by network• Network and owners/organizers agree to split revenue. • Partnership between the league and the network. • NBC as pioneered this approach: NHL, XFL• Pros/cons of this model?• Own them in the 1 st place : Owned programming• Network is the owner/organizer; no, no rights fees need to be paid. • Network pays for everything, but they also keep all the ad profits. • Ex: ESPN and the X Games, NESN and the Boston Red Sox (both owned primarily by the Fenway Sports Group)• Pros/Cons: • If you own a bad team • Good product/Good Team• The money you make is yours• Sell TV time to the rights owner: Time-buys• Time-buys• Owner/Organizer buys as many hours as necessary on network to air event. • Owner/Organizer responsible for everything, including production and ad sales. • Network pays for nothing but maintains some control over final product. • Ex: Ironman Triathlon (organized by Timex) historically aired on NBC• Pros/cons? • Network is guaranteed money • Selecting is more strategic • Negative: You have to do all the work. • Earliest days• No rights agreements• Paid for by broadcasters• Mostly experimental; “Can we do this?”• First telecast: May 17th, 1939- Princeton vs. Columbia baseball game • First MLB: August 26th, 1939- Reds vs. Dodgers History of Sports Rights Contracts:• Post WWII: Begin
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