PCB3743 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE SP14 Chapter 8 Central Nervous System p 204 209 231 235 1 Know the very basic anatomy of the CNS as mentioned in lecture spinal cord brainstem cerebellum cerebrum cerebral cortex gryus sulcus ventricles CSF spinal nerves vs cranial nerves a Central nervous system CNS receive sensory inputs coordinate response of the organs functions of the body spinal cord brainstem cerebellum cerebrum i Spinal cord ii Brainstem 1 Ascending tracts impulses from body receptors to brain 2 Descending tracts impulses from brain to body 1 From top down midbrain pons respiratory centers reticular formation medulla oblongata a Medulla center for breathing cardiovascular responses 1 Second largest structure controls motor system 1 Right left hemispheres connected by corpus callosum bark of the brain where cerebral neurons located 1 bulging part of wrinkle on cortex 2 allows local connections to use shorter axons the valley of the fold between the wrinkles iii Cerebellum iv Cerebrum v Cerebral cortex 1 vi Gryus vii Sulcus 1 viii Ventricles CSF ix Spinal nerves 1 Spaces in brain and spinal cord filled with cerebral spinal fluid CSF 1 Transmit motor sensory autonomic signals b w spinal cord and body 2 Ganglia cluster of neurons 3 Somatic nerves motor neurons in CNS 4 x Cranial nerves Impulses go from spinal cord to somatic motor neurons to muscles 1 Sensory motor nerves straight to and from the brain 2 5 senses balance GI tract 3 Nucleus cluster of neurons 1 2 Be able to point to the 4 different lobes of the cerebrum Fox Figure 8 5a a Frontal lobe i ii motor control personality higher intellectual proccesses large lobe in front of brain b Parietal lobe i ii somatesthetic interpretation cutaneous muscular sensations second large lobe behind frontal lobe understanding speech formulating words to express thoughts and emotions interpretation of textures shapes c Temporal lobe i on sides near the temples ii d Occipital lobe interpret audition auditory visual memory i back of head ii focusing the eye perception of vision 2 3 Understand the homunculus of the motor and somatosensory cortex a Homunculus i Map of sensory input and motor output map looks like little person 1 Parts of body w high density of sensory input get bigger share of somatosensory cortex hands and face 2 Parts of body w finest motor control get bigger share of motor cortex muscles a Motor cortex i ii Neurons that initiate movement sending axons to In front of central sulcus spinal moto neurons b Somatosensory cortex i Behind central sulcus ii End of sensory information coming from skin ii Sensation crosses over felt on right side of body sent from right side of brain 1 Touch crosses over late but temperature pain cross immediately a Can be used to detect brain spinal cord damage 3 Chapter 9 Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems 1 Be able to compare contrasting the sympathetic SNS and parasympathetic PNS nervous systems a Sympathetic Nervous System SNS i activate the response of the body during stressful situations mobilize energy divert blood to muscle fight or flight ii Pathway nerves from spinal cord to chain ganglia then to glands and smooth muscle b Parasympathetic Nervous System PNS i controls activities when body is at rest prepare for digestion energy storage divert blood flow to gut rest and digest ii Pathway nerves from brainstem spinal cord to glands smooth muscle iii opposite effect of SNS 2 You do NOT need to memorize all the specific effects of the autonomic nervous system but be familiar with the examples covered in lecture a SNS b PNS i Dilate pupil ii Accelerate heart iii Stimulate adrenal medulla iv v Inhibit salivation Inhibit activity of stomach intestines i Constrict pupil ii Stimulate salivary gland iii Slows heart iv Stimulate activity of stomach intestines v Stimulate activity of pancreas 4 3 Know the general location of the preganglionic cell bodies and the ganglionic cell bodies Recognize the parts of Fox Figure 9 5 do NOT need to memorize any of the specific nerves or what nerve projects to which organ a Spinal cord preganglionic neuron autonomic ganglion postganglionic neuron organ 5 4 Understand the sympathetic chain ganglia and adrenal medulla circuitry in particular a Sympathetic chain ganglia i White ramus connects spinal roots to sympathetic chain ganglion preganglionic going into ganglion ii Gray ramus connects sympathetic chain ganglion to different organ pathways postganglionic leaving out of ganglion b Adrenal Medulla Circuitry i Modified sympathetic ganglion ii Preganglionic fibers stimulate medullary cells to secrete epinephrine norepinephrine into blood 5 Know the major neurotransmitters used by the SNS and PNS neurons a Acetylcholine preganglionic nerves release ACh to stimulate nicotinic receptors on postganglionic cells both PNS and SNS neurons nicotinic receptors blocked by curare i ii PNS postganglionic neurons also release ACh onto muscarinic receptors muscarinic receptors blocked by atropine b Norepinephrine postganglionic cells release NE to stimulate inhibit adrenergic 1 receptors on target tissues SNS neurons i Adrenergic receptors blocked by alpha beta blockers c Exception sympathetic fibers to sweat glands use ACh 6 Understand the regulation of pupil constriction and dilation and the drugs used to test pupil size the control of sweating a Pupil constriction PNS contracts circular muscle by sending ACh to muscarinic receptor b Pupil dilation SNS contracts radial muscle by sending NE to adrenergic receptor c cocaine increases NE so pupil dilates Sweating affected only by SNS use ACh to muscarinic receptors sweating is the exception Thermoregulation and Fever 1 Understand the concept of set point regulation and the effects of raising or lowering the set point for body temperature a Body responds to restore body temp to set point i Temperature set point too hot sweat and vasodilate skin ii Temperature set point too cold shiver and conserve heat OR 6 b Central set point changes responds to bring body temp to new set point i Lower set point body responds as if hot ii Raise set point body responds as if cold 2 Know the 2 centers in the hypothalamus preoptic area and posterior area that regulate body temperature a Preoptic area heat dissipation i Cause panting sweating b Posterior area heat conservation i Cause shivering 3 Understand the chemical signals that induce fever lipopolysaccharide cytokines COX2 enzyme prostaglandins see p 347 349
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