Chapter 9 Questions "Synapses en passant" refers to the fact that postganglionic autonomic neurons releaseneurotransmitter ----->along the length of the axon.** All of the following molecules are considered "nonadrenergic noncholinergic" neurotransmitters produced by postganglionic autonomic axons except _________.All of the following molecules are considered "nonadrenergic noncholinergic" neurotransmitters produced by postganglionic autonomic axons except _________. ----->acetylcholine** Catecholamines are derived from ________. ----->tyrosine** Drugs that help asthmatics breathe better by opening or dilating bronchioles would be classified as _______________. ----->beta 2 agonists** If cocaine blocks the reuptake of catecholamines, it would be considered a __________. ----->sympathetic agonist** In general, parasympathetic activation will produce effects that are ______________ to those produced by activation of sympathetic neurons. ----->antagonistic** Stimulation of which of the following would cause an increase in heart rate and contraction strength?Stimulation of which of the following would cause an increase in heart rate and contraction strength? ----->beta 1 receptors** The "fight or flight" response is the term used to describe activation of the ____________. ----->sympathetic division** The brain area that most directly controls the activity of the autonomic nervous system is the ________________. ----->medulla oblongata** The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation on the urinary and reproductive systems, causing the male erection and ejaculation for example, are called ___________. ----->cooperative** The effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands are called _____________. ----->complementary** The separate effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the pacemaker region of the heart can best be described as ________________. ----->antagonistic** The very long cranial nerve that originates from the nuclei in the medulla oblongata and projects preganglionic fibers through the neck to the thoracic and abdominal cavities, is the __________ nerve. ----->vagus (X)** Which of the following cranial nerves does not contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers? ----->optic (II)** Which of the following ganglia is not a collateral ganglion? ----->cervical** Which of the following releases a catecholamine as a neurotransmitter? ----->postganglionic sympathetic fibers** Which of the following statements about parasympathetic neurons is true? ----->They synapse in terminal ganglia, either next to or within the organs innervated.** Which of the following statements does not describe denervation hypersensitivity? ----->Autonomic target tissues become more sensitive than normal to stimulating agents.** Which of the following target tissues does not receive dual innervation? ----->most blood vessels** Which of the following target tissues is innervated by only neurons from the sympathetic nervous system? ----->adrenal medulla**Epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla may stimulate target receptors for a longer period of time than norepinephrine released from neurons. Why may this be? ----->There are no enzymes in the bloodstream to deactivate epinephrine and norepinephrine.**One important difference between autonomic neurons and somatic neurons is the presence of _____________. ----->varicosities**Somatic motor neurons have cell bodies located ______ the CNS that project axons only to __________, and are usually under __________ control. ----->inside; skeletal muscle; voluntary**Stimulation of which of the following receptors would most likely decrease glandular secretions within the GI tract? ----->muscarinic (M3,M4)**Targets of the autonomic nervous system include all of the following except ______. ----->skeletal muscle**The drug muscarine, derived from some poisonous mushrooms, stimulates all of the following cholinergic receptors except those receptors in ____________. ----->the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle fibers**When a preganglionic neuron innervates several postganglionic neurons, it is called __________. ----->divergence**When the parasympathetic division is stimulated, what neurotransmitter is released at the effector organ? ----->acetylcholine**Which of the following is innervated by postganlionic fibers arising from the cervical ganglia? ----->the eyes**Which statement regarding autonomic parasympathetic neurons is true? ----->They emerge from the brain and sacral regions.___________ selectively stimulates a2 receptors in brain neurons thereby suppressing sympathoadrenalactivation and lowering blood pressure. ----->Clonidine____________ fibers have relatively slower nerve conduction because they are thin andunmyelinated. ----->Postganglionic autonomic sympathetic_____________ ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervoussystem. ----->Terminal_____________ is a muscarinic antagonist derived from the nightshade plant. ----->Atropine_____________ is released by most postganglionic sympathetic nerves. ----->NorepinephrineA defect in nitric oxide synthetase gene may result in reduced ___________ of cerebral arteries sincenitric oxide production would be impaired. ----->vasodilationAll adrenergic receptors act via ----->G-proteins.Alpha-1-adrenergic receptors are mediated by ----->Ca2+.Alpha2-adrenergic receptors on presynaptic axon terminals, when stimulated, cause ----->decreased release of norepinephrine.Atropine would ----->block constriction of the pupil.Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate ----->skeletal muscle.Blocking β2-adrenergic receptors prevents airway ----->dilation.Blood flow to skeletal muscle would be _____________ in response to muscarinic antagonists ----->decreasedBradykinin stimulates ----->surface blood vessel dilation.Bright light would stimulate regulation of pupil diameter through _____________ nerves. ----->parasympatheticCocaine acts as a sympathomimetic drug because it blocks the reuptake of ----->norepinephrine.Cocaine is a(an) ___________________ drug, meaning that it promotes sympathetic nerve effects ----->sympathomimeticCutaneous effectors such as blood vessels, sweat glands, and errector pili muscles are innervated by ----->only sympathetic nerves.Damage to the _____________ nerve would inhibit salivary production. ----->facialDamage to the autonomic motor nerves would
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