PCB3743 Vertebrate Physiology Summer 2014 Exam #2 Study Guide 1 Exam 2 will be May 30, Friday, at 9:30am in King 1024 (usual lecture time & place.) Exam 2 will cover lectures 7-12, Fox Chapters: 8, 9, and 10. The exams will cover the topics discussed in lecture, with additional details drawn from the textbook chapters. Topics not covered in lecture will not be on the exam (as noted below). Remember that the lecture slides and recordings are posted for your review on Blackboard. The exam format will be ~60 multiple choice/ fill in the blank/matching questions, using scantronics forms. You will have 75 min (the full lecture period) to complete the exam. Chapter 8: Central Nervous System (13th: p207-212, 236-239; 12th: p. 204-209, 231-235) 1. Know the very basic anatomy of the CNS as mentioned in lecture: spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum, cerebral cortex, gyrus, sulcus, ventricles & CSF, spinal nerves vs. cranial nerves. Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of: • Brain • Spinal Cord • Brainstem: Lower part of the brain consisting of the medulla oblongata & pons • Cerebellum: Second largest structure of the brain, made up of grey & white matter, & located posteriorly • Cerebrum: Largest portion of the brain that is primarily responsible for higher mental functions o Consists of right & left hemispheres • Cerebral Cortex: Outer portion of the cerebrum composed of gray matter & underlying white matter and characterized by numerous folds & grooves o Divided into lobes – frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, & insula o “Bark” of the brain where cerebral neurons are located • Gyrus: The bulging part of a wrinkle on the cortex (elevated folds) • Sulcus: The valley of the fold in between the wrinkles (fissures) • Ventricles: Cavities of the brain • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Fluid produced and found within the ventricles, also found in the spinal cord • Spinal Nerves: Sensory and motor nerves that come straight to and from the spinal cord • Cranial Nerves: Sensory and motor nerves that come straight to and from the brainPCB3743 Vertebrate Physiology Summer 2014 Exam #2 Study Guide 2 2. Be able to point to the 4 different lobes of the cerebrum (Fox Figure 8.5a). 3. Understand the homunculus of the motor and somatosensory cortex. Homunculus (“little person”): Topographic map of sensory input to the somatosensory cortex and motor output of the motor cortex • Parts of the body with the highest density of sensory receptors get a bigger share of the somatosensory cortex dedicated to processing • Parts of the body with the finest motor control (most muscles) get a bigger share of the motor cortexPCB3743 Vertebrate Physiology Summer 2014 Exam #2 Study Guide 3 You do NOT need to review 13th: 213-236 (12th:p. 210-231). Chapter 9: Autonomic Nervous System 4. Be able to compare & contrast the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) nervous systems. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) - Most neurons arise within spinal cord & project to target organs - Nerves from spinal cord run to chain ganglia or collateral ganglia - Project to glands & smooth muscle - “Fight or flight” - Mobilize energy - Divert blood to muscle - Prepare to fight/flee - Nerves from brainstem & spinal cord run to glands & smooth muscle - “Rest and digest” - Prepare for digestion - Energy storage - Divert blood flow to gut (digestive organs)PCB3743 Vertebrate Physiology Summer 2014 Exam #2 Study Guide 4 You do NOT need to memorize all the specific effects of the autonomic nervous system, but be familiar with the examples covered in lecture. MOST IMPORTANT: • Pupils • Sweating • Fight or flight response- increased blood flow to legs & increased heart rate • Rest & digest response – decreased heart rate & increased blood flow to gutPCB3743 Vertebrate Physiology Summer 2014 Exam #2 Study Guide 5 5. Know the (general) location of the preganglionic cell bodies and the ganglionic cell bodies Parasympathetic Ganglia • Preganglionic cell bodies located in brainstem & at the sacral level of the spinal cord • Ganglia located near or in the target organ • Postganglionic cells send short fibers from ganglia to target cells Sympathetic Ganglia • Preganglionic cell bodies located in spinal cord • Ganglia make up the sympathetic chain of ganglia that parallels the spinal cord on each lateral side • Postganglionic fibers join spinal nerves 6. Recognize the parts of Fox Figure 9.5; do NOT need to memorize any of the specific nerves or what nerve projects to which organPCB3743 Vertebrate Physiology Summer 2014 Exam #2 Study Guide 6 7. Understand the sympathetic chain ganglia and adrenal medulla circuitry in particular. Sympathetic Chain of Paravertebral Ganglia: Interconnected rows of ganglia that parallel the spinal cord on each lateral side • Connected to spinal roots by: o White Ramus: Preganglionic fibers (myelinated) going into ganglion o Gray Ramus: Postganglionic fibers (unmyelinated) leaving ganglion • Convergence of inputs leads to mass activation of postganglionic neurons • Postganglionic fibers join spinal nerves – innervate blood vessels in skeletal muscles & skin Adrenal Medulla Circuitry • Adrenal medulla secretes hormones epinephrine & norepinephrine when stimulated by sympathetic nervous system • Can be thought of as a modified sympathetic ganglion • Cells derived from same embryonic tissue that forms postganglionic sympathetic neurons • Cells of the adrenal medulla innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers • Preganglionic fibers stimulate medullary cells to secrete epinephrine & norepinephrine into the blood • Epinephrine & norepinephrine have complementary effects • Adrenal medulla is stimulated as part of the mass activation of the sympathetic system 8. Know the major neurotransmitters used by the SNS and PNS neurons. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) - Acetylcholine (ACh) – released by preganglionic nerves to stimulate nicotinic receptors on postganglionic cells - Exception – sympathetic fibers to sweat glands use ACh - Norepinephrine (NE) – released by postganglionic cells to stimulate or inhibit target tissues via adrenergic receptors - Acetylcholine (ACh) – released by preganglionic nerves to stimulate nicotinic receptors - ACh also released by
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