Vert phys Exam 2 study guide 1 What are the properties of neuroglia A K A Nerve glue They act as connective tissue along with their own separate purposes Glial cells regulate pH ion concentrations e g Schwann cells and oligodendrites remove excess K from the extracellular fluid prevent accumulation of extracellular K which would otherwise depolarize neurons 2 What are the four classes of neuroglia 1 Astrocytes 2 Oligodendrites 3 Ependymal Cells 4 Micro Glia Which class is important during a stroke and why Which class is protective again brain damage Astrocytes because they form the blood brain barrier allows flow of nutrients and oxygen in and out of the cell They remove excess glutamate out of the cells as well as excess potassium when they fail glutamate levels rise out of control and you get even worse brain damage Which assists to increase the conduction velocity of nerve impulses Oligodendrites which form the myelin Sheath this in turn provides for the quick diffusion method of Saltatory Conduction which speeds up the AP rate 3 Know the structure functions of the major brain regions and which common diseases are associated with which brain regions Vert phys Exam 2 study guide Cerebral Cortex Stroke concussion Language Areas Stroke causing different problems Basil Nuclei Parkinson s Motor and Sensory Cortex Cerebellum and Hippocampus Alzheimer s 4 What are some common clinical causes of brain damage Jarring or forceful impact Serious head injuries O2 deprivation Causes scaring and tissue damage 5 What are the physiological mechanisms underlying a cerebrovascular accident and what are some new treatments to prevent further neuronal cell death Rupture of a cerebral blood vessel blockage of glucose and O2 delivery downstream from rupture The starved neurons dump all Neurotransmitters increase excitotoxicity Causes massive neuronal death astrocytes can t keep up and motor and memory loss Treatments Administration of an anti coagulant block glutamate with NMPA R 6 What are some modern technical devices used to detect brain tumors and what are their principles of operation MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging Takes an image of the brain based on vibration of protons in the magnetic field PET Position Emission Tomography Uses radioactive tracers O2 in a special dye These tracers are injected into a vein in your arm and are then absorbed by your organs and tissues Creates a picture of your brain 7 What is plasticity and how is it related to use dependent competition for cortical space The brains remarkable ability to alter neuronal networks not necessarily to create new cells When we are young the neural fibers we do not use die off It is a use it or lose it approach that leaves room for plasticity to replace with different types of connections 8 What are some selective language disturbances that occur due to stroke or genetic defects Stroke in Wernicles area lose comprehension perfect articulation of nonsense Stroke in Brocas area Reading will be fine poor word choice lose inflections Dyslexia associated with the thalamus m cells magnocellular 9 How does the homunculus cartoon graphically represent our perceived input and responsive motor output How does it demonstrate the somatotopic map Unequal representation of body parts Indicating a relative proportion of input output Body is represented in the cortex upside down Cortex receives input from the opposite side of the body likewise output motor cortex cross over level spinal cord to other side of body Vert phys Exam 2 study guide 10 What cell type does Parkinson s disease target Basal Nuclei Be familiar with clinical symptoms cellular causes and mechanisms putative causes of this disease and present as well as controversial treatments of the disease Loss of dopaminergic neurons Muscle rigidity 1st sign is involuntary tremors at rest later signs facial motor cortex los off expression memory loss Treatments include giving L dopa to patients which turns into dopamine after passing through the BBB How is this disease related to Schizophrenia Schizo is the opposite it is too much dopamine vs too little for Parkinson s 11 What cell type does Alzheimer s disease target Cholinergic neurons Be familiar with clinical symptoms cellular causes and mechanisms Diagnosis poor neural transmission cholinergic neurons Confusion disorientation Personality changes Accelerated process of aging How is this disease associated with a metal It is thought that Aluminum may play a factor in developing the plaques which cause the disease However it is not completely known 12 Know the 12 cranial nerves that originate from the brainstem What is the reticular formation 8 cervical nerves neck 12 thoracic nerves chest 5 lumber nerves lumbar 5 sacral nerves pelvic 1 corrygal nerve tail I I Elongated nerve roots I I True spinal cord How does it relate to your alertness These relate because they are half of the brain stem the other half is composed of the reticular formation How can we measure alertness and what IS this electrical signal We measure alertness through the EEG technique Electroencephalogram the signal is a collection of EPSP s and IPSP s brain waves What are the levels of consciousness 4 levels 1 Maximum alertness 2 Wakefulness 3 Sleep stages 4 Coma What is an electro cerebral silence Brain dead 13 Describe why sleep is an active process Distinguish between slow wave and paradoxical sleep delta and beta waves respectively Vert phys Exam 2 study guide Because there are 4 stages 1 2 are light sleep while 3 4 are deeper sleep nightmares sleepwalking high amplitude Delta waves are seen in Slow Wave Sleep while Paradoxical sleep contains low amplitude beta waves It s the deepest form of sleep Slow wave sleep Takes 30 45 minutes to complete goes from stages 1 2 3 4 and then back Nightmares and sleep walking in stages 3 and 4 Very slow cycles high amplitude of delta waves and lots of motor and body movement Paradoxical Sleep REM Sleep 10 15 minutes starts right after slow wave cycle Contains Beta waves low amplitude with a higher frequency similar to being awake Hence paradoxical Inhibition of muscle tone contains regular dreaming and deepest sleep but also cycle you wake in 14 How are muscles the contractile specialists of the body They are responsible for Movement of food digestive tract Movement of blood Breathing Allow skeletal movement 15 How are muscles categorized structurally and physiologically in terms of function 3 types Skeletal Smooth and Cardiac 16
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