1 What is the major organizational plan of the body The organ system And what are the four primary tissues Grouped in to four basic types Connective Muscle Nervous and Epithelial 2 Delineate between the 3 types of muscle skeletal cardiac and smooth Cardiac is the heart smooth muscle is involuntary and skeletal is voluntary 3 What is the substructure of the neuron functional unit of the nervous system Dendrite responsible for the increase in surface area of the neuron and reception of the nervous signals thru receptors that detect the neurotransmitters from the previous neuron Cell Body Also known as the Soma houses the majority of the neuron Axon carries electrical chemical impulse away from the cell body to other neurons 4 Anatomical classifications of epithelial tissue and 2 primary functions Glandular epithelium and covering lining epithelium 1 To protect the tissues that lie beneath it 2 The regulation and exchange of chemicals between the underlying tissues and a body cavity 5 Four types of connective tissue Connective tissue proper loose and dense Cartilage Bone Blood 6 Distinguish between ICF ECF plasma and interstitial fluid ICF intracellular fluid the fluid collectively contained within all body cells ECF extracellular fluid the fluid outside the cells ECF is made of plasma interstitial fluid Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood Interstitial fluid is which surrounds the cells 8 How is the structure of the phospholipid bilayer important to physiological functions It is a selectively permeable membrane lipids and small polar molecules can diffuse in and out Proteins can transport ions across the membrane 9 Identity and functions of specialized proteins in the latticework Channels allows ions specifically K and Na to passively transport across the membrane Carrier protein Proteins that can actively transport molecules across the membrane Protein receptors sites that recognize and bind with specific molecules 10 Review of GENERAL principles of glycolysis TCA electron transport chain Atp goes in and adp comes out 11 Cellular activities that require energy expenditure Primary and secondary Active transport sodium potassium pump 12 How does the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis demonstrate several classic physiological principles It is the central organizing principle for the process in mitochondria bacteria and chloroplasts 13 How are organic molecules classified Contain only carbons and Hydrogen s 14 What is the structure of proteins Protein structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids that form a protein The four protein structure levels are primary secondary tertiary and quaternary 15 What is the major function of nucleic acids Function primarily as informational molecules for the storage and retrieval of information about the primary sequence of polypeptides Nucleic Acids Store and Retrieve Genetic Information 16 Review the genetic code transcription and translation Transcription occurs in the nucleus and is the reading of DNA into mRNA Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA mRNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis 18 How are molecules transported across and through the membrane Materials can pass through the ECF and ICF by assisted and unassisted means said items must be able to pass through the plasma membrane Check notes for specifics 19 Which types of membrane transport requires energy Active transports 1 and 2 requires proteins Facilitated requires a gradient Osmosis simple facilitated diffusion Name physiological mechanisms where transport is operational Passive transport 20 How does Einstein s Random Walk Theory relate to synaptic transmission There is a gap between neurons called synapses one way of communication is for neurotransmitters These neurotransmitters are let free and by simple diffusion reach the other side continuing the message 21 How do concentration gradients size of NT charge and temperature affect the rate of electronic signaling Bigger gradient faster signaling Larger the molecule slower the movement If there is a charge no movement higher temp faster signaling 22 Why are rbcs natural osmometers It easily tells the surroundings If a blood cell is dropped and no change iso osmotic If it swells and lyses solution is hypo osmotic while cell is hyperosmotic If it shrivels water is taken out solution is hypertonic while cell is hypoosmotic ALL RBCs are equal to 300 mM of solution inside and water always moves from hypo osmotic to hyperosmotic 23 What are distinct characteristics of only protein mediated transport More rapid faster than diffusion Selective Saturation Kinetics 24 What does primary active transport have to do with phosphorylation a i ATP phosphorylates protein substrate kinase atp added p phosphatase v 25 What are the generic regions of specialization for a typical nerve cell and where are the anatomically distinct neuron types located in the body Dendrites on end receive singal Soma is the body Axon hillock initiates an action potential if threshold is met all or nothing principal Impulse conduction is down the axon Transmitter released by the nerve terminals on end of axon 3 types of neruons pseudounipolar touch receptors ear and pain bipolar photoreceptor cells nose eye taste Multipolar motor neurons 26 What physiological processes are in common for all neuron types All contain the 4 specializations info passed along AP conduction is one direction Na K ATPase Na based depolarization K based repolarization 27 Do all cells that have a negative resting potential have the capacity to fire an action potential Why or why not No because some may not have an axon or way to transmit the signal 28 In what form is information encoded in the nervous system How does changing the action potential shape change the information If you were to block certain ionic conductance s underlying the action potential with drugs how would various scenarios alter the encoded information Information is encoded in a rapid and transient change in the resting potential which is the action potential The speed frequency and location of the action potential provides meaning for the nervous system For example certain frequency Hz codes pitch in the ear If you change the shape of the action potential it will change the rate of firing For example if the shape is wide there will be slower action potentials as this will lead to a longer absolute refractory period 29 What is absolute and relative refraction
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