Exam 1 Study Guide 1 What is the major organizational plan of the body And what are the four primary tissues The main organizational plan of the body is broken up into ten separate body systems which include the Nervous System the Respiratory System the Urinary System the Digestive System the Reproductive System the Circulatory System the Endocrine System the Integumentary System the Immune System and the Muscular Skeletal System Body systems can be broken down even further o Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Human Body There are four separate types of primary tissues Epithelial Muscular Nervous and Connective tissue o Epithelial Tissue Tissue that covers the body s surface and line the internal organs body cavities and passageways Consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and its environment It has two types of structures epithelial sheets and glands o Muscular Tissue Tissue capable of contractions and form the body s musculature The three types of muscle tissue include skeletal muscle which moves the skeleton cardiac muscle which pumps blood out of the heart and smooth muscle which controls movement of contents through hollow tubes and organs such as movement of food through the digestive tract o Nervous Tissue Tissue that conducts electrical impulses and make up the nervous system The electrical impulses act as signals that relay information from one part of the body to another Found in the brain spinal cord nerves and special sense organs o Connective Tissue Tissue that is composed of widely spaced cells and large amount of intercellular matrices which bind together various body structures This type of tissue includes loose connective tissue bone and blood 2 Delineate between the 3 types of muscle skeletal cardiac and smooth Like stated earlier muscle tissue can be broken up into three subdivisions skeletal muscle cardiac muscle and smooth muscle o Skeletal Muscle Muscle tissue is capable of moving the skeletal It is voluntarily controlled and striated o Cardiac Muscle Muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart It is involuntarily controlled and striated o Smooth Muscle Muscle tissue that controls movement of contents through hollow tubes and organs such as the movement of food through the digestive tract 3 What is the substructure of the neuron functional unit of the nervous system One neuron directly interacts with another neuron primarily through a chemical synapse Most neurons have four different functional parts o Dendrites Cell Body The region of the neuron the input zone that serves as the post synaptic component that binds with and responds to neurotransmitters released from other neurons o Axon Hillock The region of the neuron the trigger zone where action potentials are initiated because it has the lowest threshold and thus reaches thresholds first in response to an excitatory graded potential change o The Axon The region of the neuron the conducting zone that conducts action potentials in undiminished fashion from the axon hillock to the axon terminals o The Axon Terminal The region of the neuron the output zone that serves as the pre synaptic component releasing a neurotransmitter that influences other post synaptic cells in response to action potential propagation down the axon 4 Anatomical classifications of epithelial tissue and 2 primary functions Epithelial tissue consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and its environment It is organized into two general types of structures epithelial sheets and secretory glands o Epithelial sheets are layers of tightly joined cells that cover and line various parts of the body They serve as boundaries that separate the body from its surroundings and form the contents of cavities that open to the outside such as the digestive tract lumen o Glands are epithelial tissue derivatives specialized for secretion which releases a substance from a cell in response to an appropriate stimulation of specific products that have been produced by the cell These can be broken further down into two separate categories exocrine and endocrine glands Exocrine glands Glands that secrete substances through ducts to the outside of the body Endocrine glands Glands that lack ducts and release their secretory products known as hormones internally into the blood 5 Four types of connective tissue Connective tissue is distinguished by having relatively few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellular material It connects supports and anchors various body parts It can also be broken down into four separate categories loose connective tissue tendons bone and blood o Connective Tissue Proper Loose Dense Connective tissue that attaches epithelial tissue to underlying structures o Tendons Connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to the bones o Bone Connective Tissue that gives the body shape support and protection o Blood Liquid connective tissue that transport materials from one part of the body to another 6 Distinguish between ICF ECF plasma and interstitial fluid Intracellular Fluid ICF Fluid collectively contained within all body cells Extracellular Fluid ECF Fluid outside of the cells It is also made up of two separate components plasma and interstitial fluid o Plasma A component of extracellular fluid that is the fluid portion of o Interstitial Fluid A component of extracellular fluid that surrounds the blood and bathes the cells 7 Organelle structure and function Organelles are highly organized structures that serve a specific function within the cell There are many different kinds including the endoplasmic reticulum ER Golgi complex lysosomes peroxisomes mitochondria ribosomes vaults and centrioles o Endoplasmic Reticulum ER A single complex membranous network that encloses a fluid filled lumen It s primary purpose is to synthesize proteins and lipids that are either secreted to the exterior of the cell such as enzymes and hormones or used to produce new cell components particularly the cell membrane Broken up into the smooth and rough portions of the ER o The Golgi Complex Structure that contains transport vesicles that consists of a stack of separate flattened membrane enclosed sacs It serves to modify into finished products the newly synthesized molecules delivered to it in crude form from the ER and to sort package and direct molecular traffic to appropriate intracellular and extracellular destinations It then packages proteins for export form the cell in
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