Chapter 16 states that the amount of pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture is proportional to the percentage of the gas in the mixture Dalton s law A chest wound can introduce air into the intrapleural space a condition known as pneumothorax A deficiency of lung surfactant may result in respiratory distress syndrome A dry mixture of gases has a total pressure of 600 mmHg and the oxygen comprises 20 of the gas mixture The partial pressure of oxygen P02 is therefore equal to 120 mmHg A restrictive lung disorder is indicated by a below normal vital capacity According to if it were not for pulmonary surfactants we should expect the surface tension in a small alveolus to produce greater pressure than in a large one and air would flow from the smaller alveolus to into the larger one LaPlace s law According to Henry s law the amount of gas that will dissolve in blood plasma or any other liquid is determined by which of these factors solubility of the gas in the liquid Alveoli are microscopic air sacs branching off the respiratory bronchioles Any lung disease that reduces the forced expiratory volume FEV but does not significantly affect the vital capacity is categorized purely as a n obstructive lung disorder Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in all of the following ways except as carboxyhemoglobin During normal relaxed respiration about 500 ml of air enters and leaves the lungs with each respiratory cycle This is called the tidal volume External respiration refers to ventilation and gas exchange between the air and blood Forceful expiration requires the actions of the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles Hemoglobin S differs from hemoglobin A in that glutamic acid is replaced by valine in the beta chain Hemoglobin that has undergone oxidation of the iron is known as methemoglobin Hypoventilation tends to cause hypercapnia If a person s PCO2 remains chronically high as in emphysema the peripheral chemoreceptors become insensitive to hypercapnia and pulmonary ventilation becomes stimulated by rather than by increases in blood PCO2 hypoxic drive Lung surfactant is produced by type II alveolar cells Obstruction of circulation through the lungs can put a strain on the right ventricle which must work to pump blood against this increased resistance and can lead to failure of that chamber This syndrome is known as cor pulmonale One atmosphere is defined as 760 torr The makes it virtually impossible to voluntarily over inflate the lungs Hering Breuer reflex The amount of air that is inhaled or exhaled in one breath during unforced breathing is the tidal volume The bends are symptomatic of decompression sickness The Bohr effect describes the effect of decreased pH decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen enhancing unloading The central chemoreceptors will increase their firing rate in direct response to increases in the level of in the CSF resulting in ventilation carbon dioxide increased The conducting zone of the respiratory system does not exchange gases with the blood The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes all of the following passages except alveolar ducts The pressure difference across the lung wall is the transpulmonary pressure The pressure of dry atmospheric gas is primarily determined by all of the following gases except which makes a comparatively negligible contribution hydrogen The rhythmicity center a sort of pacemaker that sets the rhythm of automatic breathing is located in the medulla oblongata The space is referred to as a potential space between the parietal and visceral pleurae Two alpha chains and two gamma chains make up the protein globin part of hemoglobin F When there is less oxyhemoglobin in the blood red blood cells produce 2 3 DPG This metabolic product enhances oxygen unloading at the systemic capillaries Which of the following changes does not occur when a fetus is delivered and begins to breathe on its own for the first time the rate of blood flow through pulmonary circulation decreases Which of the following is classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is commonly known as a black lung disease anthracosis 2 3 DPG comes from anaerobic respiration in red blood cells is characterized by high red blood cell counts Polycythemia A decrease in temperature will shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the left A family of hemoglobin diseases found primarily in people of Mediterranean ancestry is thalassemia A measure of the distensibility of the lungs is compliance A pH above 7 45 is considered alkalosis Acclimatization to altitude stimulates increased blood cell synthesis Acclimatization to high altitude results in 2 3 DPG in erythrocytes increased According to the Bohr effect as pH is lowered the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases According to who s law is the pressure in a small alveolus greater than a large alveolus as long as the surface tension is equal Laplace s law An atopic allergic asthmatic would have A activation of helper T lynphocytes B production of IgE C pulmonary eosinphilia D All of the choices are correct An increase in 2 3 diphosphoglyceric acid 2 3 DPG will the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decrease An increase in ventilation due to a higher elevation is called hypoxic ventilatory response At rest normal oxygen unloading is 22 Blood flow is greatest at the of the lungs and perfusion is greatest at the of the lungs base base Breathing 100 oxygen will significantly increase the oxygen delivery to tissues Breathing 100 oxygen will NOT both increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells and significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood Carbon dioxide oxygen unloading and oxygen unloading carbon dioxide transport increases improves Carbon monoxide is lethal because it binds hemoglobin preventing oxygen binding Central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata directly detect changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid Cessation of breathing is known as apnea Decompression sickness is caused by ascending to sea level too quickly which results in bubbles of to form in the blood nitrogen Diffusion rate across the respiratory membrane is rapid because A there are about 750 square feet of alveoli membrane B alveoli are one cell thick C the air blood barrier is two cells thick D All of the choices are correct During inspiration intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure Fluid secretion by lung cells is due to alveolar cells active transport of Cl out of Forced deep
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