History Exam 1 1 Henry the navigator In the early fifteenth century Prince Henry of Portugal sponsored the efforts of shipbuilders mapmakers and other workers to solve the issue with navigational tools He brought together and gathered many explorers and explored West Africa which was very thought to be very dangerous at the time since no one ever returned alive He was very important because these explorations helped advance the study of geography and made Portugal the leader in navigation among European nations 2 Columbian Exchange The Columbian exchange was the transatlantic exchange of plants animals and diseases that occurred after the first European contact with the Americans in 1492 This was very catastrophic because many of the Native Americans were exposed to Old World diseases and since not having much immunity to them epidemics such as smallpox measles typhus and influenza struck and many died Columbus also brought horses sheep cattle pigs and goats back to the New World as well as modern tools and weapons He also introduced European crops such as wheat chickpeas melons onions and fruit trees to the Caribbean and in turn the Native Americans introduced corn tomatoes squash beans cacao peppers potatoes cotton and tobacco to the Europeans These exchanges were important because it helped with trading and establishing somewhat peaceful relations 3 Mercantilism Mercantilism is the economic system whereby the government intervenes in the economy for the purpose of increasing national wealth Mercantilists advocated possession of colonies as places where the mother country could acquire raw materials not available at home Iroquois Empire The Iroquois Empire was an alliance of 5 tribes in North America They are the Mohawk Oneida Onondaga Cayuga and Seneca tribes These people were known as the people of the longhouse and league of peace and power 4 5 Middle passage The middle passage was the voyage between West Africa and the New World slave colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries Forts and trading posts were bought on the West African coast and bought slaves from African traders Once they were captured slaves were placed on ships and were branded with a hot iron The long journey was 6 8 weeks long and the slaves were packed tightly on the ship and many died from diseases the ones that survived were sold at public auctions 6 Pueblo revolt The Pueblo Revolt was when the Pueblo Indians had grown restless under the harsh rule of the Spanish in New Mexico in 1680 The main cause of the revolt was an act of religious persecution 7 Pocahontas was a Virginia Indian 1 2 notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown Virginia She was the daughter of Powhatan the paramount chief 1 of a network of tributary tribal nations in the Tidewater region of Virginia In a well known historical anecdote she is said to have saved the life of an Indian captive Englishman John Smith in 1607 by placing her head upon his own when her father raised his war club to execute him Pocahontas was captured by the English during Anglo Indian hostilities in 1613 and held for ransom During her captivity she converted to Christianity and took the name Rebecca When the opportunity arose for her to return to her people she chose to remain with the English In April 1614 she married tobacco planter John Rolfe and in January 1615 bore him a son Thomas Rolfe 8 Bacon s Rebellion Violent conflict in Virginia 1675 1676 beginning with settler attacks on Indians but culminating in a rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia s government The region s resident Indians came into conflict with the new settlers and they attacked the Susquehannocks to seize their lands The Indians struck back and led Nathaniel Bacon to lead a violent campaign against all Indians 9 Jamestown In April 1607 Jamestown was founded and named in honor of the king Not many lived and many got diseases and died The marshes swamps humidity and heat all lead to disease and people kept dying The settlers assumed natives would just feed them They weren t used to farm labor they were only interested in getting rich 10 The Great Awakening tremendous religious revival in colonial America Sparked by the tour of the English evangelical minister George Whitefield the awakening struck first in the middle colonies and new England in the 1740s and eventually spread to the southern colonies in the 1760s 11 Anne Hutchinson was a Puritan woman spiritual adviser mother of 15 and important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638 Her strong religious convictions were at odds with the established Puritan clergy in the Boston area and her popularity and charisma helped create a theological schism that threatened to destroy the Puritans religious experiment in New England She was eventually tried and convicted then banished from the colony with many of her supporters 12 Albany Plan of Union plan put forward in 1754 by Massachusetts governor William Shirley Benjamin franklin and other colonial leaders calling for an intercolonial union to manage defense and indian affairs 13 Stono rebellion uprising in 1739 of south Carolina slaves against whites inspired in part by Spanish officials promise of freedom for American slaves who escaped to florida 14 sinners in the hands of an angry god sermon written by American Christian theologian Jonathan Edwards preached on July 8 1741 Like Edwards other works it combines vivid imagery of Hell with observations of the world and citations of scripture providing a glimpse into the theology of the Great Awakening emphasizing the belief that Hell is a real place Edwards hoped that the imagery and message of his sermon would awaken his audience to the horrific reality that awaited them should they continue without Christ 15 city on a hill in the Puritan John Winthrop s 1630 sermon A Model of Christian Charity Still aboard the ship Arbella Winthrop admonished the future Massachusetts Bay colonists that their new community would be a city upon a hill watched by the world which became the ideal the New England colonists placed upon their hilly capital city Boston 16 Roger Williams founded rhode island in 1630s a separatist minister who declared that because Massachusetts churches had not rejected the church of England they shared its corruption He opposed government interference in religious affairs and argued for separation of church and state 17