Week Three: Eighteenth-Century Culture and Society Key Terms1. William Byrd II2. Triangular Trade3. Salutary Neglect4. George Whitefield Slavery and the Southern EconomyThe Middle Passage - Between 10-11 million Africans forcibly removed from their homes- They endured the brutal “Middle Passage”- Chained below decks for months at a time- Dehydration and disease commono Feces, urine, and close conditions - 14% of those transported died before getting thereo Rebellions, suicides, diseaseThe Contradiction of American Slavery - Only about 5-10% brought to mainland (the US)- By 1825 the US was largest slave holding nation in the worldo Children of slaveso International slave trade is banned and holding of slaves is slowly becoming banned- Slavery was a special contradiction in the USo Death, violence, and tortureo Life and cultureChesapeake Slavery - Small farms and tobacco plantations o Consisted of 1-10 slaves per farmo Abroad marriages: contact between slaves across farms/plantations- Less access to skilled work- More contact with whites and white societyo Fewer other slaves to come in contact with - High degree of creolization - More food, higher fertility, longer life span- BUT more supervision, less free time, less autonomy Low-Country Slavery (South Carolina)- Huge rice and indigo plantations o Causes of the introduction of/dependence on slavery- Greater specialization and more skilled positions o Large-scale plantations o Supervising positions to whites and sometimes even slaves- Less contact with whites - Communities remained “Africanized”- Higher mortality, worse, worse nutrition, fewer children- More autonomy, less supervision, more free time Northern Slavery- Most urban - Became central in trades like barbering - Experienced supervision and isolation o No real sense of community - But cities offered opportunities- “African” identity arose by 1720s The Plantation Economy- Wealthy southern planters began cultivating gentility - Modeled manners after English gentry - Filled mansions with elaborate possessions - Irony: profits from slave labor allowed them to claim to be “civilized” and “refined”Economic Development in the North- Rocky soil and colder climates not conducive to cash crops - Northern economy connected to southern economy through triangular trade- This trade led to the rise of a merchant class and rapidly growing port cities in northern colonies - It also led to increasing class