Hist2002/3/14Week Two: Establishment & Development of the English ColoniesKey Terms:- Bacon’s Rebellion- “According to the condition of the mother”- Covenant theology- Navigation Acts- SalemI. The 17th Century ChesapeakeA. Jamestown established in 1607 in Virginiaa. Not planning on settling there/ establishing permanent residenceb. Thought they would find gold, valuable materials c. Thought Jamestown would be a great trading post for valuablesd. Problems: i. No access to fresh waterii. Did not find gold, etc. iii. People had no resistance to malaria 1. Disease killed off plenty of settlersB. Refused to plant cropsa. Stubborn/ not planning on stayingb. Within first 9 months 2/3 of original settlers diedC. Combined w/ malaria, starvation led to deaths a. More than ½ of 1000+ who arrived b/w 1607-1611b. Starvation so bad residents resorted to canibalismD. Conflict w/ Algonquin and their leader, Powhatana. Powhatan was not seeking a conflict ridden relationship w/ settlersb. Powhatan was interested in alliance w/ settlersi. Offered them corn ii. Powhatan believed by settlers accepting his offering of corn the settlers were going to become inferiors of Powhataniii. Obviously the settlers were not interested in this exchangeII. The tobacco economy A. Imported from west indies by John Rolfe in 1612B. Led to 40- year economic boom in ChesapeakeC. Required lots of LAND and lots of LABORD. Tobacco used as a form of currencyIII. Indentured Servitude A. Exchangea. In Exchange for 5-7 years of laborb. People received passage to N. Americac. 40% indentured servants did not survive d. People could have time added to indenture for misbehavingi. Female- pregnant B. Encouraged by Head-right system a. Grant people 50 acres of land b. Wealthy person who wants to accumulate as much land as possiblei. Help passage of indentured servants C. 1660’s tobacco boom starting to enda. Production outstripping demand b. Price of tobacco upi. Depleting the soil c. Resorted to selling labor d. Wage labor seen as height of dependency e. Need to expand territory westward IV. Causes and significance of bacons rebellion A. Growth of Class resentment a. Newly-freed indentured servants facing hard economic timesb. Anger growing toward governor William Berkeleyi. Not doing enough to protect people from native Americansii. Class resentment- he favors higher economic classiii. Berkeley took voting right away from landless free menc. Nathaniel Bacon led rebellion against Berkeley i. Bacon wealthy but resided amongst western settlement ii. Bacon and men march on Jamestown pillaging and burning large plantations on their way thereiii. Managed to force Berkeley into exile iv. Bacon died from other reasons, Berkeley regained power1. People who rebelled were executed d. Bacon’s rebellion contributed to the development of slaveryi. Planter elites wanted a labor source they could control1. Not going to become free2. Not going to become potentially rebellious ii. First ½ of 17th century indentured servants/poor whiteshad a lot in common w/ enslaved 1. Both depended on master2. Subjected to punishment from master3. Not in control of their own livesB. From indentured servitude to slaverya. First ship of Africans arrived in Virginia in 1619b. Lines b/w indentured servitude and slavery hardened over course of 17th centuryc. Chattel slavery officially legalized by VA house of Burgesses in 1705C. Gender, Sexuality, and Slavery a. Europeans read racial differences onto women’s bodiesi. It was said African American women did not experience pain during child birth1. Get back to work ASAP2. Means they are not descended from eve3. Means they are not related to Europeans in anyway4. Means they are not “truly human”b. 1643: tax lawi. Taxed labor of all menii. ONLY women of African American descent 1. Legally defines African American’s as workers/laborers2. White women as wives iii. Discourages people from freeing slavesc. 1662: “according to the condition of the mother”i. All women, children born in the country shall be held bound in the country ii. Slavery is not a condition from which you escaped. 1691: all interracial sex illegal i. Laws target black men having sex white women V. 17th Century New EnglandA. The Pilgrimsa. Led by William Bradford, Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in 1620i. Covenant of works1. G-d made a promise to Adam that if he did what he was told he would live forever ii. Covenant of grace1. Adam did not follow what he was told2. So ALL humans deserved damnation 3. G-d made second promisea. Because he could G-d would save a select group of his chosen people from damnation that all humans deservedb. Choose this select few regardless of what done in lifetimec. Nothing one could do to earn G-d grace and salvationb. Only ½ of original 102 migrants survived first winter, but soon began to thrivei. Climate1. Colder- less mosquitos 2. Less chance of disease ii. Fewer potential conflicts to deal withc. Established written legal codei. Mayflower compactd. By 1640, 3000 settlers settlers in