Part 1: Consider their reactions to Lincoln's speech; then write an essay comparing the views of any three of these men with Lincoln's views on liberty, freedom, and equality (one must be from 17th - 18th centuries + place all ideas within the circumstances of the lives of their authors and the context of the times in which they wrote, giving due consideration to the events which shaped their lives)Lincoln: (1861, during this time there was a rebellion against the government, uprising because the government is abridging right to suffrage)Key Points in Lincoln’s Address to Congress:· Warning against returning to absolute power· One can not gain capital without labor-The worker is more important than the capitalist- The worker can exist without the capitalist, but not vice versa· Capital and labor can be mutually beneficial· It is natural for the independent capitalist to mingle with the labor· The just system of labor:-Beginner works for minimum wages and saves money- With saved money, he buys tools or land for himself- Labors on his own for a while and gains more capital- Hires a beginner to work for him- Beginner engages in the same process, etc.·Country has been growing, we need to make improvements to ensure a strong future· A sustainable future requires no slavery/free hired labor for lifeWinthrop: (1630-1640's, just got to America, strong religious views, fleeing England because of the conditions there)-Believed that all men were not created equal..Some high and mighty, and others low and in subjection-We were all made that way so that society could function ... closed christian utopian corporate community-Would disagree with Lincoln that a laborer should be able to rise in the social ladder through hardwork and saving money... Winthrop believed that every person had a set role in society that could not change...A laborer was a laborer for life- would likely not support idea that laborer was more important than capitalist, who were higher on thesocial ladder- would support idea of capitalists/laborers being mutually beneficial for greater good of society... Work together for benefit of allSkidmore: (“A Plan for Equalizing Property”) (1829)- the working class party should prevail- that accumulators and inherited land owners were just parasites that thrived off of no labor- he believed that the labors should have the land or even equal rights to land because he sincerely believed that the working, labor class worked the hardest and deserved to have a competency and landFitzhugh: (“Southern Thought”) (1857)- slavery natural, normal, and necessary part of society- slavery governs weak poor and ignorant like capitalism can’t- slave system- series of subordinations in which everyone contributes to the common good of the community/family … slavery necessary for health of country in future, not a hindrance- capitalism worse than slavery … slavery protects the worker, while capitalism hangs their workers out to dry to suffer from hunger and poverty- capitalism/ Adam Smith is every man for himself … No protection for weak.... - Contrast = Lincoln sees workers/capitalists working together for each others mutual benefitPart 2: Using TWO of these perspectives, compare and contrast the meaning and nature of freedom in the post-emancipation South (your analysis should speak to issues of economy and may incorporate you knowledge of the Northern ideology of free labor, the idea of a “competency”, and notions of republican “independence”) - NORTH = emancipation helped crystallize the growing labor crisis in the North, association of freedom with ownership -/+ freedom based merely on ownership of oners person and the exchange of commodities, - SOUTH = ideas not only differed from but stood completely opposite from Yankee ideals, conflict over the meaning of free labor depended on your position in society; daily struggle with dealing with new ideas of freedom; masters saw their workers as lazy, southern plantation owners had a hard time accepting the new consequences that free labor brought aboutJoseph Daniel PopeAddresses economic issues in coastal carolina around Port Royal caused by freeing of slaves.Key points: Accepts that slavery has ended, however still has much remorse over the fact that slavery has ended because he claimed that the labor system is unstable, irregular, uncertain, and that these labors need to be commanded. -Claims that the freedman do not know how to manage their own crop. Gives example of one of his former slaves who did not plant enough corn, cotton, or potatoes to support himself and his family. -Claims that negro laborers do not fulfill their labor contracts with larger planters. They do not show up to work often and the crop suffers greatly as a result.-The division of land is causing the land to go infertile, eventually making it entirely unfit for growing. In the past, when plantations dominated massive amounts of land, they would not grow crops on some of this land to preserve its fertility. Now all of the land is in use.- Need to restore land to white because they know how to cultivate- it is a matter of importance for the North and the SouthProposes:1. Let white population back to their land and homes. Only They know how to properly manage the land for the betterment of all.2. Negroes accumulating around Port Royal/ Carolina Coast should be returned to where they came from. Many came from other southern states. This will free up some ofthe land so it can be used more efficiently.3. Issue permits/passports to negroes to prevent them from moving all around the country. He argues this will keep them tied to a particular area and they will be more likely to fulfill their labor contracts.4. No more quartering of african american soldiers- they set a bad example for other freedmen because they are idle and immoral.His idea of the meaning and nature of freedom: basically, it is dangerousOn competency:White man holds the competency, let them be the ones who run the landBlacks have no competence, therefore should be sent back to where they came fromBlacks have “the disease of idleness”Only have competency under the direct guidance and order of whites VERSUS: Martin Delany- Northern Black abolitionist(Recruiter of black soldiers during the war later promoted to Major)-He does not like former slave owners AT ALL!-Believes the reason they are free is because of the black soldiers that fought in the war-Pretty much thinks that white