3 native American civilizations (Incas, Mayans, Aztecs)Columbus did not land on main lands (island/Caribbean)1. 3 major civilizationsa. American Indianb. Africanc. Europeand. Amerindse. Bering Strait land bridgef. Shore water routeg. Mesoamerican (Mexico and central America)i. Mayan 500-900 (Yucatan Peninsula)1. Developed calendar/numerical system/”0” zero2. Hieroglyphic writing3. Interneune warfareii. Aztec 15th century – warriorsiii. Incas 15th century (Ecuador, Chile, Peru)1. Machu Piccu, Peru (ancient city)iv. Lifestylev. Hunters: eskimo, Sioux, crow, Cheyenne, Cherokee, commaene,, apache, nez peruevi. Farmers: Navajo, Pueblo, Zunivii. Fisherman: Aluet, Chinook (west), Piquot (east)h. Population Declinei. 7-10 million to 1.5 million (today)1. CA, OK, AZ, NM, NLii. Decimated by disease and warfare (guns, germs, steel)1. European Exploration and Colonizationa. Nordic (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Finland) 1000 Leif “Lucky” Erickson discovers Labrador and Newfoundlandb. Portugali. Prince Henry “navigator” 1394-1460ii. Cape St. Vincent School of Navigationiii. Explores Gold Coast initiating slave tradeiv. 1494 T. of Tordesilias – Portugal/Spain Demarcation Linec. Spaini. Christopher Columbus (Genoa)1. 4 caribbean voyages2. 1492 waiting island (San Salvador “holy savior”)ii. Amerigo Vespucci (Florance)1. 1501 Brazilian Coast2. 1507 Martin Wallsmuller (German) map maker calls new world Americaiii. Balboa (Spain)d. Conquistadorsi. Cortez: eliminates AztecPizarro Brotners eliminates IncaAlvarado eliminates Mayansii. Ponce de Leon1. 1512-13 conquered Puerto Rice2. 1521-27 discover FL and Fountain of Youthiii. De Coronado (SW)1. 1540 explores AZ (Grand Canyon), NM, TX, OK, KS, COiv. Desofo (SE)1. 1541 Mississippi Rivere. Social Influencesi. Universities1. 1538 Santa Domingo (Dominican Republic)2. 1551 Mexico City, Lima, Peruii. cities1. 1565 St. Augustine, FL2. 1609 Santa Fe, NMf. Francei. Cartie 1534 St Lawrence Riverii. Champlain 1609 Lake Champlainiii. La Salle 1682 explores MS River (flows thru 10 states)g. Hollandi. Henry Hudson (E): Hudson River/Bay – crew mutinies/set adrift and diesh. Englandi. John Cabot (Venice Giovanni Caboto) discovers Labradorii. Sir Walter Raleigh1. Lost colony and Roanoke Island (Croatian)2. Ft. Raleigh 2 efforts - FAILSiii. Sea Dogs explorer1. Drake, Hawking, Davis, Frobisher2. 1588 defeat Spanish armadai. Russiai. 1741 Bering claims AK for Russia2. Africansa. 1619 slaves intro Dutch ship- treasure and Jamestownb. slaves came from Gold Coast – West Africac. Triangular Traded. Statistici. US 520K Creole-Amer. Bornii. Brazil 1.5 millioniii. West Indies 4 millioniv. 800k die at sea1. GB Regionsa. Chesapeakeb. New Englandc. Middled. Carolinas2. Chesapeake: VA/MDa. VAi. 1607 Jamestownii. John Smithiii. Pocahontas marriediv. John Rolfe: US Tobacco Trade 16919v. Independent Servitude1. Individuals2. 5-7 years of war3. Head Right system (receive 50 acres)vi. Tobacco main crop/ dispersed demographyvii. Wx and high mortalityb. Marylandi. Lord Baltimore (Calvert)ii. Catholic Refuge3. New Englanda. Massachusettsi. 1620 Plymouth foundedii. Mayflower compact (constitution of “new world”)iii. Religiousiv. Puritanism (Separatists=pilgrims; Congregationalists=Presbyterians)v. Higher education1. Harvard: 1636 (oldest) MARK DATE2. William and Mary 16933. York 17014. Princeton 1746 (“log” by WM Tennent)5. Penn 1740 (nonsecular)6. Washington and Lee 17497. Columbia 1754 (Kings College)8. Brown 17649. Rutgers 1766 (queens college)10. Dartmouth 1769 (native American missionary school)11. Cornell 1865 (A&M land grant and classical)vi. Salem witch trials (1692-93)1. 200 accused2. 20 killedvii. lumber, fishing, shipbuilding, rumviii. compact demographyix. wx and low mortalityb. CT 1635i. Thomas Hookerii. Religious, political, economic freedomc. RI 1636i. Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson break w/ MAii. Separation of church and stateiii. Religiousd. NH 1679i. Messrs, Gorgas, and Masonii. Economic freedom4. Middle Coloniesa. NY 1664i. Dutch governor Peter Stuyvensant surrenders New Amsterdam to James Duke of Yorkii. Dutch Ft. Orange -> Albion (English traditional name=Albany)iii. Cookie, cole slaw, waffle – DUTCH INFLUENCEb. NJ 1664i. Lord Berkely/ Sir George Carteretii. Economic freedomc. PA and DE (1681-82)i. William Pennii. Quaker refugeiii. 1701 only unicameral legislatureiv. “city of brotherly love” PHILADELPHIAv. DE formed: Swedish-Dutch influence 17025. Carolinasa. NC 1663i. Sir John Calletonii. Tobaccob. SC 1729i. Sir Ashley Cooperii. Rice/Sugar productionc. GA 1732i. GEN James Olgethorpeii. Honest debter/ “worthy poor” refugeiii. Buffer zone b/n Spain6. Wars and Religionsa. Pequit War: CT 1634-38i. Preemptive war to rest fur trade form themb. Metacom (King Phillip’s) War 1675-76i. War to gain land in MA [NA and WA]c. Bacon’s Rebellion 1675-1676i. Security of western VA vs. Native AMericansd. Leisler’s Rebellion: NY 1689-93i. Political uprising following “glorious revolution”ii. Leisler hangede. 1707: England and Scotland unified – United Kingdom of Great Britainf. Unwritten Bill of Rights until 2001i. Citizens of GB had BoRii. VERBALg. Slave Revolts 18th centuryi. NY 1712 (white: 9 killed, black: 18 killed)1741 (black: 26 killed)ii. SC (Stono Revolt) 1739 (white: 20 killed, black: 44 killed)h. Pueblo Revolt (NM) 1680-98: Encomiendas [most got freedom]1. UK of GB (1707) v. Native Americansa. Tuscarora War – NE 1711i. Land encroachment and enslavementii. 1713 – Tuscarora’s surrender and move Niii. 1722 – join Iroquois Confederation a 6th nationb. Yamasee War – SC 1715i. Land encroachment/enslavementii. defeatedc. Haddonfield NJ marker: Kings Highway“Not one drop of blood have you spread in battle, no one acre of our land you have taken by our consent”2. GB v. Spaina. War of Jenkins Ear: GA and FL (1739-43)i. Commercial warii. Oglethorpe defeat Spain @ Ft. Mose (St. Augustine, FL) 1740iii. Oglethorpe loss @ Ft. Mose 1740iv. Oglethorpe defeat Spain @ Bloody Marsh, GA (1742) FINAL BATTLE3. GB vs. Francea. King George’s War 1744-48i. 1745 Louisburg “Gibraltar of West” in Nova Scotia captured by COL Pepperall w/ 4K MA/NH/CT/RI militia then returned for Madras, India; colonial resentmentii. 1755 Nova Scotia 6K French Acadians refuse British loyalty/forcibly relocated to LA known as Catholic Cajuns4. Great Awakening AKA Great Revivala. 1730s/40sb. religious movementc. revivalism of religion and