Hist2009/29Week One: BeginningsI. Key TermsA. Hernan CortesB. MercantilismC. Moral Economy D. Protestant ReformationII. The first AmericansA. People migrated across Bering Stait 11,000 years agoB. Hunting and Gathering societies C. 6000 BC start cultivating agriculturea. Cornb. Beans c. SquashIII. Mayan Culture and SocietyA. Mainly farmersB. Elites Claimed to be descendants of godC. Achievementsa. Stone temples/palacesb. Advances in astronomy & hieroglyphicsD. More than 20,000 people lived in largest cityE. Declined b/w 800 & 900 A.D. IV. Aztec Culture and SocietyA. As Mayan culture declined Aztec’s ascendedB. Capital Tenochtitlan (now Mexico city)C. Developed complex irrigation systemD. Hierarchy a. Priests & Warrior-nobles ruled over peasantsb. Used non- Aztecs for slave laborc. Demanded human tribute from conquered peoplesV. Eastern Woodlands Culture & SocietyA. Diverse societies, but some common characteristicsa. English settled with them b. Men responsible for hunting & fishingc. Women responsible for agriculture/farming B. Matrilineal system of kinship & inheritancea. European looked at men hunting & fishing for jobs badly b. Women very respected in these culturesC. Europeans came to this societya. They perceived native American men abandoned their proper placeVI. European exploration and settlement A. Population growtha. More peopleb. Less landc. Need for more resourcesd. Need more landB. New, more powerful governments emerging C. Mercantilism (IMPORTANT)a. The belief that the nation is the primary economic unitb. In order to accumulate more wealth need to sell more than you buy c. Desire for expansion & coloniesi. More natural resourcesd. Ex. England wants their colonies to trade with only them VII. Portuguese explorersA. Want access to tradeB. Prince Henry improved navigational techniquesC. They became biggest slave tradesVIII. Spanish Exploration and ConquestA. Christopher Columbusa. Italian who sailed under Spanish monarchs King Ferdinand andIsabellai. They tried to control religion of their peopleb. Set sail in 1492c. Columbus believed he reached Asia but actually Bahamasi. Called the people Native Americansii. Declared himself governor of Hispaniola iii. Was a brutal enforcer 1. If rebellion occurs he brutally dismembers people or murders themIX. The Establishment of the Spanish empire in N. AmericaA. From conquest to settlementa. Pushed on to mainland looking for gold and slavesb. Hernan Cortes and the Aztecs 1519i. Diseases, etc. allowed him to conquest the Aztecsii. Cortes symbolizes an elite man trying to protect native woman from barbaric practice of human sacrificec. Francisco Pizarro and the Incas- 1532d. Empire included the Caribbean Islandsi. Mexicoii. Chileiii. Argentinaiv. Perue. First settlement in modern day USi. St. Augustine, FL (1565)ii. Sante Fe, NM (1609)B. Consequences of Spanish Conquesta. Native Americans… i. Forced to work as slave laborers on Spanish encomiendasii. Often forcibly converted to Catholicismiii. Population decimated by diseased iv. Development of Columbia exchangeX. Facts of English lifeA. Firsta. It was smallB. Seconda. The household was the basic unit of societyC. Thirda. Based on a moral economyi. Assumed want and inequalityii. Cast independence as dangerousiii. Required mutual respect for just wage and priceD. Fourtha. It was a flux (Economic Flux)i. Inflationii. Growth of Manufacturingiii. Enclosureiv. Landlessnessv. Unemploymentb. Religious and Political Fluxi. Protestant Reformation1. Martin Luther began in 15172. Henry VIII broke w/ catholic church in 15343. Some people wanted to purify church of England of all catholic interference4. Barring that, they would leave England entirelyE. Beginning of English Settlement a. Early Venturesi. English defeat of Spanish Armada 1588ii. Sir Humphrey Gilbert explored Newfoundlandiii. Sir Walter Raleigh explored N. American coast; gave it name Virginiaiv. Tired to set up colony of Roanoke (off coast of NC)v. In 1606, King James I granted 2