Jaymie Ticknor Developmental Psychology 3620 Sect 853 1 September 2013 Chapter 2 Basic Principles and Applications Why Are Theories Important St James Roberts 2007 studied two types of parenting Demand Parenting babies were reliably picked up when they cried resulted in babies crying less during the first 3 months of life but continuing to cry at night after that age Structured Parenting standard bedtimes and routines were put in place and some crying was acceptable resulted in more crying during the first 3 months but reduced crying at night thereafter Theories of Child and Adolescent Development Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud father of psychoanalysis psyche the mind analysis implies looking at the parts of the mind individually to see how they relate Unconscious Mind the part of the mind that contains thoughts and feelings about which we are unaware Free Association the process used by psychoanalysis in which one thinks of anything that comes to mind in relation to a dream or another thought to reveal the contents of the unconscious mind Id according to psychoanalytic theory the part of the personality that consists of the basic drives such as sex and hunger Pleasure Principle the idea that the id seeks immediate gratification for all of its urges Ego the part of the personality that contends with the reality of the world and controls the basic Reality Principle the psychoanalytic concept that the ego has the ability to deal with the real drives means I or self world and not just drives and fantasy Superego Freud s concept of the conscience or sense of right and wrong Sigmund Freud s Psychosexual Stages Psychosexual Stages Freud s idea that at each stage sexual energy is invested in a different part Oral Stage lasts from birth to about 18 months Freud s first stage in which infants biological of the body throughout life energy is centered on the mouth area Anal Stage lasts from 18 months to 3 years Freud s second stage in which toddlers sexual energy is focused on the anus potty training Phallic Stage lasts from 3 to 6 years Freud s third stage in which children 3 to 6 overcome their attraction to the opposite sex parent and begin to identify with the same sex parent Latency Stage occurs between 6 and 12 years Freud s fourth stage involving ages 6 to 12 when the sex drive goes underground from parents to peers cooties Genital Stage 12 and older Freud s fifth and final stage in which people 12 and older develop adult sexuality young adolescents Erik Erikson s Psychosocial Stages Psychosocial Stages Erikson s stages that are based on a central conflict to be resolved involving the social world and the development of identity Epigenetic Principle the idea that each stage of development builds on the outcome of the stages that preceded it Table 2 1 Trust vs Mistrust infants go through this first stage development of trust in maternal care and in one s own ability to cope versus hopelessness Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt toddlers go through this second stage independence and self Initiative vs Guilt preschoolers go through this third stage exuberant joyful activity versus control versus lack of confidence overcontrol did something wrong society versus a sense of inadequacy Industry vs Inferiority school age kids go through this fourth stage learning the tasks of one s Identity vs Role Confusion teenagers go through this fifth stage integration of previous experiences to form an identity versus confusion about one s role in society Behaviorism and Social Cognitive Theory Behaviorism the theory developed by John B Watson that focuses on environmental control of observable behavior behavior Social Cognitive Theory the theory that individuals learn by observing others and imitating their John B Watson and Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning the process by which a stimulus the unconditioned stimulus that naturally evokes a certain response the unconditioned response is paired repeatedly with a neutral stimulus Eventually the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus and evokes the same response now called the conditioned response Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning from studying digestion in dogs by feeding John Watson did the Little Albert study where Watson made baby Albert fear white furry rats and other white furry things generalization Phobia an irrational fear of something specific that is so severe that it interferes with day to day salivating dogs functioning B F Skinner and Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning the process that happens when the response that follows a behavior to happen more or less slowly shaping behavior Reinforcement a response to a behavior that causes that behavior to happen more Positive Reinforcement a response that makes a behavior more likely to happen again because it adds a pleasant stimulus Negative Reinforcement a response that makes a behavior more likely to happen again because it removes an unpleasant stimulus Schedules of Reinforcement Schedules of Reinforcement schedules ratio or interval on which reinforcement can be delivered based on a fixed or variable number of responses ratio or fixed or variable lengths of time interval Punishment and Extinction Punishment administering a negative consequence or taking away a positive reinforcement to reduce the likelihood of an undesirable behavior occurring Positive Punishment adding something unpleasant to decrease undesirable behavior Negative Punishment removing something pleasant to decrease undesirable behavior Extinction in operant conditioning the process by which a behavior stops when it receives no response from the environment Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Theory Albert Bandura did the Bobo Doll experiment violence aggression where the kids would watch an adult role model beat up a Bobo Doll and then more likely to imitate the adult s actions Self Efficacy a belief in our own ability to influence our own functioning and our life Modern Applications of Social Cognitive Theory High Self Efficacy where one believes that his her actions make a huge impact in the world or Low Self Efficacy where one believes that his her actions will not make a big impact in the circumstances life world or life Theories of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget s Cognitive Developmental Theory Schema a cognitive framework that places concepts objects or experiences into categories or groups of associations Assimilation fitting new experiences into existing mental schemas