NEUROTRANSMITTERS Acetylcholine LEARNING AND MEMORY Location Pathways o Basal Nuclei o Frontal parietal occipital cortexes o Hippocampus o Medial septal nucleus Made from diet o Acetyl from sugar o Choline from diet lecithin Functions o Movement sensation judgment vision reward memory pain coordination Malfunction o Alzheimer s Norepinephrine AROUSAL Location Pathways o Locus Coeruleus o Everywhere Made through multiple steps o Tyrosine DOPA Dopamine Norepinephrine Released by o Any stimulant o Amphetamines epinephrine cocaine caffeine Function o Brain s ON switch o Locus coeruleus regulates arousal level Increase in acetylcholine glutamate sensory stimuli external signals Decrease in serotonin endorphins GABA sleep internal signals o Control fat metabolism Serotonin SLEEP DREAMING MOODS Location o Raphe Nuclei medial brain stem Ecstasy destroys this Pathways o Everywhere Made from Tryptophan in diet o Dietary tryptophan L tryptophan 5 HTP Serotonin Function o Most active during wake o Not on during REM Malfunctions o Hallucinogens turn off serotonergic neurons by 5HT 1A receptors Produce synesthesia Senses mixing o Anxiety Depression Increased levels of P11 protein linked to antidepressants GABA INHIBITION Location o Wide distribution in brain Made from glutamate from MSG Function o Produces IPSP s Opens chloride ion channels So does alcohol barbiturates o Allows sodium to flow in during AP o Controls anxiety effects of alcohol barbiturates benzodiazepines Glutamate NEUROPLASTICITY Location o Glutamate receptors Physiological o Fast synaptic transmission o Developmental plasticity o Learning and memory o Epilepsy Pathological o Symptomatic Chronic pain drug tolerance addiction alcohol abuse anxiety depression schizophrenia o Chronic Neuroplasticity Alzheimer s Huntington s Parkinson s Moto neuron disease o Acute Neuroplasticity Hypoxia stroke trauma hypoglycemia toxins Mutations o PCP blocks channels o Related to schizophrenia via alterations in Dysbindin Dopamine REWARD Location o Substantia nigra superior stem Pathway Striatum o Ventral tegmental area ventral superior stem Pathway Frontal Lobe Made by multiple steps o Diet tyrosine DOPA Dopamine Malfunctions o Cocaine blocks reuptake o Schizophrenia Too much dopamine o ADHD Functions o All rewarding things activate dopamine o Endogenous Marijuana Anandamide internal bliss Chocolate o CNS Cannabinoid system
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