Chapter 1 Understand the taxonomic organization within each of the 3 domains Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Chapter 2 Know the relative electronegativities of Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen and Oxygen hydrogen carbon nitrogen oxygen for a covalent bond to be polar theatoms involved must be separated by 1 atom Understand what happens during the formation of Ionic bonds electrons are donated from one atom to another and oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other Covalent bonds both polar and nonpolar polar atoms share electrons unequally one of the atoms is significantly more eletronegative than the other non polar atoms share electrons equally because the atoms involved have identical or similar electronegativity Hydrogen bonds involves hydrogen ALWAYS hydrogen is already involved in a polar covalent bond with a more electronegative atom this is usually nitrogen or oxygen so the gydrogen takes on a partial positive charge so a hydrogen then forms a weak attraction to a near by atom with a partial negative charge which is also usually nitrogen or oxygen Van der Waal s interactions they are always present regardless of the molecule and they are due to redistribution of electrons in their orbitals there is a brief and very weak attraction between closely spaced atoms get more info on this individually they are very weak but they add up to be very strong Be able to classify bonds as polar nonpolar remember the list in order HCNO two atoms involved in covalent bond are next to each other then the bond is non polar because these atoms share the electrons equally if the atoms are not next to each other the bond is polar because one of the atoms will attract the electrons more than the other and the electrons will be shared unequally Chapter 3 Know the four emergent properties of water that contribute to Earth s fitness for life and be able to give a real world example of each 1 expands upon freezing this is why ice floats 2 resists changes in temperature takes a lot of heat energy to change the temperature of water think about how long it takes water to boil 3 cohesive behavior water sticks to water allows for surface tension some organisms can literally walk on water 4 versatility as a solvent anything that is polar or ionic charged will dissolve in water Chapter 4 Be able to distinguish between structural isomers geometric isomers and enantiomers structural have the same chemical formula but the atoms are arranged differently geometric MUST have a carbon carbon double bond chemical groups are arranged differently around this double bond enantiomers mirror images of each other that can have entirely different chemical properties Chapter 5 Understand condensation synthesis and hydrolysis reactions condensation synthesis how our cells BUILD macromolecules water is removed and monomers are linked together with a covalent bond peptide bond hydrolysis reaction how our cells BREAK DOWN macromolecules water is added and breaks peptide bonds holding monomers together Understand the roles of each of the 4 major macromolecules in our cells 1 proteins molecular tools do the jobs in our cells involved in every single process inside the cell made up of amino acids 2 carbs used for energy glycogen in animal cells and starch in plant cells or for building material cellulose in plant cells and chitin in animal cells made of monosaccharide monomers 3 lipids used for long term energy storage higher in energy per gram than any other macromolecule very dense made of fatty acid monomers 4 nucleic acids information storage DNA and RNA made of nucleotide monomers Chapter 6 Understand the basic roles of the organelles in eukaryotic cells mitochondria produces ATP powerhouse of the cell chloroplasts site of photosynthesis in plant cells and some bacteria ribosome sit of protein synthesis nucleus contains most of the DNA directs protein synthesis center of control of the cell nucleolus site of ribosome assembly smooth ER where lipids are made no proteins made here rough ER contains ribosomes on the surface where proteins are made Golgi apparatus shipping center of the cell directs protein made on the rough ER to their approximate location in the cell peroxisomes helps to detoxify the cell destroys toxins and poisons lysosomes garbage disposal of the cell very low pH proteins worn out organelles macromolecules get sent here o be broken own into individual monomers Chapter 7 Understand the fluid mosaic model and the organization of phospholipids in the plasma membrane proposes that the plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer that behaves more like a liquid than a solid and inserted within and attached to this phospholipid bilayer are numerous different proteins orientation of phospholipids they are in a bilayer with hydrophobic fatty acid tails pointed at each other hydrophilic heads exposed to the watery environment on both sides of the membrane Understand what happens during osmosis water moves from an area of low solute concentration high water concentration across a membrane to an area of high solute concentration low water concentration diluting it until there is equal concentration of solution on both sides of the membrane DIFFUSION OF WATER Chapter 8 Be able to classify reactions as endergonic and exergonic endergonic the reactants starting material will have less energy than the products ending material energetically uphill meaning energy must be added for the reaction to take place exergonic the reactants have more energy than the products the reaction is energetically downhill because energy is released as the reaction progresses Understand and be able to apply the Gibb s free energy equation delta G delta H TdeltaS free energy energy available to do work enthalapy total energy temperature x change in entropy usable energy delta G is the energy available to do work or free energy if delta G is positive your reaction is endergonic if delta G in negative your reaction is exergonic Chapter 9 Be able to list the inputs and outputs for each stage of cellular respiration glycolysis inputs glucose outputs 2 ATP 2 NADH and 2 pyruvates bridge reaction krebs cycle inputs 2 pyruvates outputs 2 acetyl coA s 2 NADH 2 turns needed to break down one molecule of glucose inputs 2 acetly coA s outputs 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2ATP electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation inputs electrons from NADH and FADH2 oxygen needed to accept these electrons outputs about 34 36 ATP and water
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