Africa Study Guide chapter 10 Timeline 192 15 20th centuries Progressive colonization and foreign domination of sub Saharan Africa collapse of traditional African nations 17 19th centuries Slave trade African diaspora Post 1945 National independence movements emerge 1957 Ghana becomes independent 1960 Mali becomes independent 1960 Dahomey Benin becomes independent 1994 Apartheid ends Nelson Mandela elected president of South Africa 1971 Release of Ancient Strings first internationally distributed recording featuring the kora 1987 Release of Shaka Zulu by Ladysmith Black Mambazo featuring Unomathemba 2002 Ang lique Kidjo releases Black Ivory Soul featuring Okan Bale Musical Africanisms 202 03 Complex polyphonic textures features multiple layers of instruments voices o 2 3 polyrhythm o syncopation African polyphonics meet European beats Ex ragtime o percussive aesthetic space between notes not held out Layered ostinatos with varied repetition Conversational element o call and response format or voices all speaking at once Ex Elephant hunt song o group music making o The lead player plays solo while back up keeps the pattern the lead use the Improvisation biggest loudest drum Timbral variety o Make burred buzzed timbre ex Louis Armstrong o The instruments shake or hit Distinctive pitch systems and scales o Ex Aretha Franklin s use of ornamentation in Amazing Grace Elenor Rigby example of all Africanisms together Study Items 1 Akan people 191 193 from Ghana 2 drum speech using drums as linguistics in proverbs using tonal language 3 tonal language language in which the meaning of the word is determined not just by the sounds of its syllables but also by using patterns of pitch rhythm and timbral inflection o Ex A kon TA vs A KON ta 4 atumpan a set of two large drums used by the Akan for drum speech 5 the path and the river Akan proverb in which each phrase is recited verbally and then reiterated in drum language metaphoric for people connecting to creation 6 polyvocality many voices 7 kora Mande spike harp chordophone with 21 strings jeli instrument 1 8 Mande peoples ethnic group of western Africa homeland is Mali etc 9 10 Ladysmith Black Mambazo South African vocal group led by Joseph Shabalala jeliya the artistic culture of the jelilu including its praise songs and musical traditions o Isicathamiya an a cappella genre that emerged out of a synthesis of traditional music of o Shaka Zulu LBM s first US released album in 1987 produced by Paul Simon won a Zulu peoples Grammy 11 Paul Simon Graceland famous American musician the 1986 album put South African music into the international spotlight generated popularity for world music helped revive Simon s career while creating new opportunities for African musicians o The album brought lots of attention to the Apartheid 12 size of Africa landmass 2nd to Asia covers over 11 million square mi and accounts for 20 of earth s land surface o Population 1 6 of world population in Africa itself 13 African diaspora the dispersal of millions of Africans to other parts of the world 14 North Africa Arab culture Islam is primary religion 15 sub Saharan Africa comprises cultural and musical diversity 16 West Africa where most slaves were brought to America 17 African derived and European derived musics ragtime blues jazz rhythm and blues soul rock n roll rap hip hop salsa Cuban son Puerto Rican bomba Trinidadian steel band Jamaican reggae Brazilian samba 18 Religion communal ritual and music Islam and Christianity are in sync with indigenous forms of African religion o Paying homage and respect to ancestors and nature is a priority o Communal rituals involve music and active participation of all through playing instruments dancing clapping singing etc 19 dawuro iron bell 20 Akan people reside in Ghana o Fontomfrom the royal Akan drum ensemble used in public appearances o A matrilineal people 21 Twi the language of the river and path proverb more widely spoken o Akan language spoken from half of Ghanaians 22 matrilineal tracing family lineage through mother s side 23 musical conversation a fundamental element of African music a call and response dialogue 24 musical guided tour 4 199 200 go to the textbook publisher s website 25 polyrhythm multiple layers of rhythm 26 mbira plucked idiophone melodic complexity and sublime beauty not another drum 27 endongo music of Uganda 28 nkokwane musical bow or type of chordophone based on the Quii people 29 kora spike harp chordophone with 21 strings 30 Mande people empire o Homelands across Mali Guinea Senegal etc o Developed over three great waterways o Traditional culture is preserved through the art of kora 31 jeli the hereditary class of professional Mande musicians Plural jelilu o griots praise singers musicians the Jelilu 32 hereditary jell families Kouyate Diabate Sissoko Cissokho descendants of the original Mande 2 court musicians patronized by the King himself 33 Kandia Kouyate the most revered and famous Jeli as a woman 34 designated jeli instruments kora balafon koni 35 bala balafon xylophone like made of wood pitches in ascending order key ranges in 3 octaves 36 koni banjo like ranges in octaves depending on how many strings are attached 37 Salif Keita controversy over his decision to be a professional musician despite his noble lineage o Blends jeliya styles with contemporary sound 38 Sackou Keita better known as a kora player than drummer father was noble blood but mother was of jelilu conversation character 39 kumbengo layered ostinato based style on the kora that is normally used to accompany singing 40 birimintingo melody that anticipates the intro of the singing voice into the multipart musical 41 sataro singing that is improvisatory generally higher in pitch range and even speechlike in 42 Atlanta Kaira features an ensemble of 2 singers 2 koras a bala a koni and an acoustic guitar 43 sauta one of the 4 principal modes in Mande music 44 Angelique Kidjo o From Benin sings most of her songs in the Fon language diva from Benin o Black Ivory Soul 2002 explored the musical and cultural kinship of Africa and Brazil 45 Mamadou Diabate famous kora player accompanies Angelique in Okan Bale 46 Yoruba Fon the major ethnic groups of Benin Listening For the test all 12 listening examples will be used Identify songs 2 2 mbira example 2 4 BaMbuti singing example Nyamaropa Ephat Mujuru Elephant Hunting Song 2 7 ex of contemporary singing and drumming 2 8 musical bow nkokwane 2 10 fusion 3 12 drum speech 3 13
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