Exam 1 Review (CGS 2100) !!Other Important Advancements !Software Application Explosion: VisiCalc and Beyond •Including disk drives in personal computers set off an explosion of software applications !!Spreadsheets:!•VisiCalc!•Lotus 1-2-3!•Microsoft Excel!!Word Processing:!•WordStar!•Word fot MS-DOS!•WordPerfect!!The Graphical User Interface •Graphical User iNterface (GUI) allowed users to interact with computer more easily!•Previously used command or menu driven interfaces!•GUI not invented by a computer company !!Xerox: Birth of the GUI •Xerox Alto (1972)!•Introduced “What You See is What You Get” (WYSIWYG)!•File Management system with directories and folders!•Mouse and network connectivity!•Never sold commercially!!The Lisa and the Macintosh •Apple Lisa (1983)!•First successful PC using GUI!•Windows, drop-down menus, icons, a file system with folders and files!•Very expensive!•Apple Macintosh (1984)!•1/3 cost of Lisa!•Introduced 3.5-inch floppy disk!!The Internet Boom •1993: Mosaic browser introduced!•1994: Netscape Launched!•1995: Internet Explorer introduced by Microsoft!•1998: Netscape became open source!!Making the Personal Computer Possible: Early Computers •Computers are the compilation of the results of individual inventions!•Early machines helped create the personal computer of today!!The Pascalene Calculator and the Jacquard Loom •First accurate mechanical calculator!•Created by Blaise Pascal in 1642!•Used revolutions of gears to count by tens!•Could be used to add, subtract, multiply, and divide!•Basic design used in mechanical calculators for 300 years!•Created by Joseph Jacquard!•Revolutionized fabric industry!•Cards had punched holes; automated weaving complex patterns!•Process adopted later; record and read data in computers using punch cards!!Babbage’s Engines •Analytical Engine: 1834!•Designed by Charles Babbage!•First automatic calculator!•Based on Difference Engine!•Never developed!•Drawings and descriptions similar to today’s computers!!Hollerith Tabulating Machine •1980: Created by Herman Hollerith!•U.S. Census Bureau: Tabulate census data!•Automatically read data from punch cards!•1896: Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine Company!•Later became International Business Machines (IBM)!!Z1 and Atanasoff-Berry Computer •Z1 (1936)!•Created by Konrad Zuse!•Mechanical calculator!•Included control unit and separate memory functions!•Important breakthrough for future computer design!!•Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)!•Created by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry!•First electrically powered digital computer!•Used vacuum tubes to store data!•First computer to use the binary system!!Understanding Your Computer •Two basic designs of computers!•Portable!•Laptop computers!•netbooks!•Tablet PC’s!•Tablet computer!•Ultrabooks!•Stationary!•Desktop computers!•All-in-one computers!•Mainframe!•Supports many users simultaneously!•Supercomputer!•Preforms complex calculations extremely rapidly!•Embedded!•Self-contained computer devices preforming dedicated functions!•Smartphone!!!Computers are Data Processing Devices •Preforms for major functions!•Input: Gathers data allows users to enter data!•Process: Manipulates, calculates, or organizes data into information !•Output: Displays data and information for user!•Storage: Saves data and information for later use!•Data: Representation of a fact, figure, or idea!•Information: Data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful fashion !!Bits and Bytes: The Language of Computers •The language of computers !•Bit!•Binary digit!•0 or 1!•Byte!•8 Bits!•Each letter, number, or character is a unique combination of 8 bits and 0s and 1s!•Computer uses combinations of hardware and software to process data into information!•Hardware is any part of the computer you can physically touch!•Software is set of computer programs!•Application software!•System software!•Operating system (OS)!!Input Devices •Devices used to enter data and instructions into the computer!•Most common input devices: !•Keyboards !•Mouse!•Other input devices!•Microphone!•Scanner!•Digital camera!•Stylus!!Keyboards •QWERTY layout is standard on most PCs!•Netbook and laptop keys are more compact and have fewer keys!•Wireless keyboards work via radio frequencies!•Alternative keyboards!•Flexible keyboards!•Virtual laser keyboard!!Mice and Other Pointing Devices •Touch pads and track point devices!•Take place of mouse on laptops!!Touch Screens•Display Screen that responds to commands by touch with finger or stylus!•Becoming popular on many computing devices!•Smartphones!•Tablet PC’s!!Image Input •Digital cameras, camcorders, cell phones!•Capture pictures and video!•Scanners!•Create digital image!•Webcams!•Capture and transmit live video!•Used for videoconferences!!Sound Input •A microphone (mic) captures sound waves and transfer them to digital format!•Sound input allows!•Video conferencing!•Audio conferencing!•Chatting with friends or family over the Internet instead of using a phone!•Recording podcasts!!Output Devices •Enable you to send processed data out of the computer in the form of text, pictures, sounds or video!•Monitors!•Printers!•Speakers and earphones!!Monitors •Liquid crystal display(LCD)!•Flat panel!•Light and energy efficient!•Light-emitted diode (LED)!•More energy efficient than LCD monitors !•Better color accuracy and thinner panels!•Organic light-emitting diode (OLED)!•Use organic compounds that produce light!•How LCD Monitors work!•Screens are grids made up of millions of tiny dots called pixels!•Each pixel is composed of red, blue, and green sub pixels (and sometimes yellow)!•Two or more sheets of material are filled with liquid crystal solution!•Crystals blocks let light shine through to cause images to form on the screen!•Choosing and LCD Monitor!•Aspect ratio - width to height proportion!•Resolution - number go pixels displayed on screen!•Contrast ratio - difference in light intensity between brightest white and darkest black!•Viewing angle - distance in degrees from which you can move to the side of (or above or below) a monitor !•Brightness - greatest amount of light showing when the monitor is displaying pure white!•Response time -
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