EXAM CGS2100 Spring 2013Chapter 6• 3D sound card- expansion card that enables a computer to produce sounds that are omnidirectional or three dimensional • Access time- the time it takes a storage device to locate its stored data• Bit depth- the number of bits a video card uses to store data about each pixel on the monitor • Cache memory- small blocks of memory, located directly on and next to the CPU chip, that act as holding places for recently of frequently used instructions or data that the CPU accesses the most. When these instructions or data are stored in the cache memory, the CPU can more quickly retrieve them than if it had to access the instructions or data from random access memory• Clock speed- the steady and constant pace at which a computer goes through machine cycles, measured in Hertz• Core- a complete processing section from the CPU, embedded into one physical chip• CPU Benchmarks- measurements used to compare performance between processors• CPU Usage- the percent of time the CPU is working• CPU Usage Graph- records your CPU usage for the past several seconds• External SATA (eSATA)- port that will connect to some external hard drives• ExpressCard- can add a solid-state-drive, FireWire ports, etc. into your system• Front side bus (FSB)- the main path for data movement within the system, carrying data from the CPU to memory and other components• Graphics Double Data Rate 5 (GDDR5)- fastest version of graphic processing• Graphics processing unit (GPU)- a specialized logic chip that is dedicated to quickly displaying and calculating visual data such as shadows, textures, and luminosity• Hard drive- a device that holds all permanently stored programs and data; can be located inside the system unit or attached to the system unit via a USB port• Head crash- impact of read/write head against magnetic platter of the hard drive; often results in data loss• Hyperthreading- technology that permits quicker processing of information by enabling a new set of instructions to start executing before the previous set has finished • Kernel memory-memory that the computer’s operating system uses • Latency- process that occurs after the read/write head of the hard drive locates the correct track, and then waits for the correct sector to spin to the read/ write head • Memory module (memory card)- a small circuit board that holds a series of random access memory (RAM) chips• Moore’s Law- a prediction named after Gordon Moore, the cofounder of Intel; states that the number of transistors on the CPU chip will double every two years• Nonvolatile storage- Permanent storage, as in Read-only memory• Optical media-Portable storage devices such as CDs, DVDs, or Blu-ray discs • Physical memory- The amount of random access memory (RAM) that is installed in a computer• Platter-a thin, round metallic storage plate stacked onto the hard drive spindle • RAID (redundant array of independent disks)- set of strategies for using more than one drive in a system• Random access memory (RAM)- the computer’s temporary storage space or short-term memory. It is located in a set of chips on the system unit’s motherboard, and its capacity is measured in megabytes or gigabytes• Read/write head- The mechanism that retrieves and records the magnetic data to and from a data disk. They move from the outer edge of the spinning platters to the center• Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)- a type of hard drive that uses much thinner cables, and can transfer data more quickly than IDE drives• Sector- a section of a hard drive platter, wedge-shaped from the center of the platter to the edge • Seek time- the time it takes for the hard drives read/write heads to move over the surface of the disk, between tracks, to the correct track• Solid state drive (SSD)- a drive that uses the same kind of memory that flash drives use, but can reach data in only tenth of the time a flash drive requires• Sound card- an expansion card that attaches to the motherboard inside the system unit and that enables the computer to produce sounds by providing a connection for the speakers and microphone• SuperFetch- monitors which applications you use the most and preloads them into your system memory so that they are ready to go right away• Surround sound- a type of audio processing that makes the listener experience sounds as if it were coming from all directions• System evaluation – the process of looking at the computer’s subsystems, what they do, and how they perform to determine whether the computer system has the right hardware components to do what the user ultimately wants it to do• Track- a concentric circle that serves as a storage area on a hard drive platter• Video card (video adapter)- an expansion card that is installed inside a system unit to translate binary data into the images viewed on the monitor• Video memory- RAM that is included as part of a video card• Volatile storage- temporary storage, such as in RAM. When the power is off, the data in volatile storage is cleared outChapter 9• Adware- a program that downloads on your computer when you install a freeware program, utility, or game. Generally, adware enables sponsored advertisements to appear in a section of your browser window or as a pop-up ad box• Antivirus Software- software that is specially designed to detect viruses and protect a computer and files from harm• Backdoor Program- a program that enables a hacker to take complete control of a computer without the legitimate user’s knowledge or permission• Backup- a copy of computer files that can be used to replace the originals if they are lost or damaged• Biometric Authentication Device- a device that uses some unique characteristic of human biology to identify authorized users• Black-hat Hacker- a hacker who uses his knowledge to destroy information or for illegal gain• Boot-sector Virus- a virus that replicates itself into the master boot record of a flash drive or hard drive• Botnet- a large group of software applications (called robots or bots) that runs without user intervention on a large number of computers• Computer Forensics- extracting or documenting evidence on a computer, law enforcement use this to gather information• Cookie- a small text file that some websites automatically store on a client computer’s hard drive when a user visits the site• Cybercrime- any criminal action
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